Java: United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabian Culture Essay

International business and information technology are two important aspects of globalization. We live in a world that requires culture awareness, which is also the first step in doing international business. In the case The Java Lounge – Adjusting to Saudi Arabian Culture, the business has been successful because its entrepreneurs spent time and money to research their expectation that enough Saudis had become sufficiently westernized and affluent to frequent the restaurant. Its entrepreneurs have maintained strong culture awareness and had put them into actions. The Java Lounge had gone through culture collisions. Foreigners often find Saudi laws and customs at odds with their own value systems. For example, Saudi culture limits male-female interaction. That explains why the city of Jeddah was chosen to locate the Java Lounge – it was a port and it enjoyed more contact with foreigners and was less conservative than much of the rest of the country. The dress codes are more relaxed thus more acceptable to foreigners. If the location was chosen to be in a traditional place, it would not have been this successful. The culture collision would be so huge that it is hard for other cultures to digest and get close to. Thus when a company such as the Java Lounge implements practices, they would be less effective. Also, the employees as well as gusts would encounter difficulties in accepting or adjusting to foreign behaviors, which would cause unnecessary confusions and conflicts. Religion plays a key role in Saudi’s culture and religion is a cultural stabilizer. As the book says, many strong values are the result of a dominant religion. A good religion would make the nation united and its people strong. What is more, religion plays a part in business. In Saudi, religious proscriptions prohibit pork products, alcohol, and live music at the Lava Lounge. In the holy period of Ramadan, when people fast during the day, the restaurant serves customers only in the evening. When doing business in Saudi Arabia, one has to be careful in adjusting to the religious culture of Saudi Arabia because religion could also be a taboo sometimes. For example, when Muslim men are called to prayer, McDonald’s dims its lights, closes its doors, and suspend service during the five times per day. It is very important to respect one culture no matter how odd it looks to you. Behavioral practices are also affecting business. The term ascribed group memberships refer to the case that at the Lava Lounge, the entire staff is male. Even though laws and rules were signed to abolish discrimination against women, women in Saudi Arabia cannot work in some profession. There are rigid rules about what women can and cannot do. A research shows that Saudi women only accounts for 7 percent of the total workforce. It is still a man-dominant world, but women are so important. However, in Saudi, affiliation is determined by birth. One needs to pay attention in the gender-based employment practices in Saudi Arabia. When doing business in other countries such as in the United States, this might not be a problem. To summarize, what we could learn from the case The Java Lounge are that firstly, as an international businessman or businesswoman, one has to develop culture awareness as a starting point. Secondly, culture shock would occur frequently when doing international business. When culture collisions occur, we do not need to be afraid. Learn about the other cultures you are involving in, respect other cultures, ask a native friend for help, and embrace the shocks. Thirdly, pay attention to religions and other special cultural rules, they will help you with your business.

A Mother Daughter Relationship Essay

Most parents expect many things from their children but most importantly wish their children to be successful and happy, but parents hold different expectations based on their child’s gender. The expectations that both mothers have are common because both of them have daughters. These differences in expectations of gender can be seen in literature such as Girl by Jamaica Kincaid where she will list everything a women is expected of doing in the house and in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? by Joyce Carol Oates, the mother argues with her daughter to be more like her sister which is portrayed to be perfect. Both of these mothers have high expectation in their daughters and show them tough love in their parenting. Mothers expect more from their daughters to be successful and by satisfying gender roles that society has made for them. Both mothers in the literature show their interest in their daughters by pleasing certain gender roles. In Girl we can tell her mother is listing what her daughter is expected to do in the house to become the perfect housewife and she must also act a certain way into becoming a lady. In Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Connie’s mother always compares her to her sister June; the mother favors June over Connie and wants her to be more like her sister. June is everything her mother wants in a daughter while Connie is not. â€Å"A traditional gender role orientation emphasizes differences between men and women and assumes that each sex has a natural affinity to particular behaviors. Those who maintain a traditional gender role orientation are likely to be influenced by the rules and rituals of the generations that came before them, by their parents and grandparents† (Blackstone 335). This quote from Amy Blackstone explains that gender roles are affiliated with previous generations of the family, which can indicate that the mothers are passing down to their daughters what they have learned from their childhood with their own mothers. Mothers often want their daughters to follow their footsteps and have certain types of criteria that have to be met by them. In most cases, this creates a communication barrier between the  two and often leading them to have conflict among their relationship. We see this happening more in the literature of Girl when her mother states â€Å" this is how you iron your father’s khaki pants so that they don’t have a crease†¦ this is how you sweep a corner; this is how you sweep a whole house; this is how you sweep a yard† (Kincaid 47). The mother teaches her daughter how to iron and clean the way she knows how to, implicating that she must follow her mothers footsteps because this is the right way and that she must do it when one day she gets married or has a house. But not all daughters have the same opinions as their mothers, which can result in having a communication barrier as we can see in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? the story states â€Å"Connie’s mother kept picking at her until Connie wished her mother was dead and she herself was dead and it was all over.† (Oates 324). Connie’s mother picks on her daughter so much in the story that it makes Connie not want to have any relationship with her mother by wishing both of them death. According to Estherann Grace who has a masters degree in adolescent medicine said, â€Å"The strength of the mother/daughter bond contributes to the intensity of the emotional response both negatively and positively. This closeness stems somewhat from the expected psychological identification of a developing adolescent becoming a woman, following in her mother’s footsteps. The teenager needs to clarify the differences to establish her own identity.† (Grace 414) In order to solve their differences Connie needs to talk to her mother about the problems they both have and talk to each other about their point of views and figure out the underlying message why her mother and her don’t get along. Both mothers from the short stories show tough love for their daughters as one of their parenting techniques. For Girl the mother tells her daughter â€Å"on Sundays try to walk like a lady and not like the slut you are so bent on becoming† (Kincaid 47), she tells this to her daughter because she secretly cares about how her daughter will turn out to be as a woman. The mother uses a form of reverse psychology so her daughter can prove her wrong that she will not become a slut that her mother thinks she will become. In Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? her mother proclaims to Connie saying â€Å"Why don’t you keep your room clean like your sister? How’ve you got your hair fixed- what the hell stinks? Hair spray? You don’t see your sister using that junk.† (Oates 323) The mother complains to Connie to her because she wants her to become  just like her older daughter since she seems to believe that her oldest became successful and that Connie is doing the complete opposite of the mother’s expectations. But in Connie’s point of view she rebels to being anything like her sister because she has her own personality and doesn’t want to follow someone else’s footsteps. According to Gregory Patterson â€Å"Kids need more parental involvement. Whether it’s in setting high expectations and then holding children accountable, or by being closely and continuously involved as you set and hold high standards.†(Patterson 4) With this being said, Patterson would approve of the relationships that both mothers have with their daughters because it makes the parent become more involved with their children lives since its giving the child to hold high expectations of the parent which later on will lead to positive outcomes to the child. Although these mothers have unique ways of parenting, other parents might say this type of parenting can result of psychological abuse to their daughters. Psychological abuse is the parent’s behavior that can aggressively harm their child’s mental health (McCoy and Keen 123). We can see this psychological abuse for both literatures, in Girl her mother refers to the daughter to be turning into a slut, which will deliberately hurt the daughter’s feelings. Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? the mother tells Connie to stop acting like she’s pretty because she’s not. Connie states that these words are familiar to her indicating that her mother verbally attacks her often which results into a psychological abuse. As stated by Monica McCoy and Stefanie Keen, â€Å"parents with good intentions may become verbally aggressive†¦whether the parent deliberately ignored the child, intended to harm the child with harsh words, or behaved out of ignorance.† (McCoy and Keen 125) The quote explains that even parents who have good intentions to their child can still accidently harm them with harsh words that can cause the psychological abuse towards the children. In conclusion, mothers expect more from their daughters to succeed in life with what the mother has provided to them varying from everyday life to academics and also by satisfying gender roles that society has made for women. While some of these gender roles can be protested by their daughters, it will most likely create communication barriers between their mothers relationship and cause several problems between the two. As a parenting  technique both the mothers have portrayed themselves as very harsh and heartless mothers but in all realty this points out that they have good intentions for being so strict on their daughters. Both mothers use though love in their parenting to show what their daughters are expected of and to hopefully guide their daughters in life with what the mother has taught them. Works Cited Blackstone, Amy. â€Å"Gender Roles and Society.† Human Ecology: An Encyclopedia of Children, Families, Communities, and Environments, (2003) 335-338 Grace, Estherann. â€Å"Mothers and Daughters: The Challenge of Communicating.† Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 19.6 (2006): 413-414. Keen, Stefanie M., and Monica McCoy. Child Abuse and Neglect. New York and London: Psychology Press, 2014. Print. Kincaid, Jamaica. Girl. Backpack Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 4th ed. New York: Person Longman, 2012. 46-50 Oates, Joyce Carol. Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been. Backpack Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 4th ed. New York: Person Longman, 2012. 323-337 Patterson, Gregory A. â€Å"Tough Love is Two Words – and Two Necessities.† Phi Delta Kappan, 93.5 (2012): 4.

Cell Phone

My favorite color is white. It’s a symbol for peaceful. white color is nothing but a without color. It seems cool. We can reduce the any of the bright colors to light colors by adding them white color. not only me most of the people in the world likes white color only. becz we can see the white color every where in the world, every where in our surroundings unlike other colors. My favourite colour is Red. Because Red is the color that we pay the most attention to. It is the warmest and most energic color in the spectrum. We associate red with love, valentines, danger, desire, speed, strength, violence, anger, emergency exit signs, stop signs and blood. Red can evoke a fight-or-flight response, raise blood pressure and make the heart beat faster. Red would not be the color of choice for psychiatric wards, prisons or a hospital. In China red symbolizes celebration and luck, used in many cultural ceremonies that range from funerals to weddings. In India red is the color of purity (used in wedding outfits). My favourite color is Green. I like everything around me to be green colour. Green is one of most-often cited favorite colors. It represents nature, environment, health, good luck, renewal, youth, vigor, spring, generosity, fertility, jealousy, inexperience, envy, misfortune. Its cool quality soothes, calms, and has great healing powers. It is often worn in operating rooms by surgeons. Green colour is the favour of Islam. green colour can give coolness to the eyes. For the above said reasons i like green colour very much. Today, i’m going to tell u guys about my favorite color- white, and I think a lot of people like this color, too. Why? because white represents peaceful, cold, silent, innocent and also romantic, etc,   that adjectives are also my personality( except for the romantic), it also make me feel something that I cannot describe by word, something that really peaceful, and silent. But many people think this color is kind of boring, and empty. I don’t know why they think like that, maybe because they like colorful, so they don’t want to look at one color and enjoy it. But we can see that a lot of thing has white like paper, roses, wall,etc. I think each of the color represent differently like black represent for bold, or even sexy, etc. In general, I really really love this color. And now, let’s me show u guys some picture of my favorite color Green is the color of nature. It symbolizes growth, harmony, freshness, and fertility. Green has strong emotional correspondence with safety. Dark green is also commonly associated with money. Green has great healing power. It is the most restful color for the human eye; it can improve vision. Green suggests stability and endurance. Sometimes green denotes lack of experience; for example, a greenhorn is a novice. In heraldry, green indicates growth and hope. Green, as opposed to red, means safety; it is the color of free passage in road traffic. Use green to indicate safety when advertising drugs and medical products. Green is directly related to nature, so you can use it to promote green products. Dull, darker green is commonly associated with money, the financial world, banking, and Wall Street. Dark green is associated with ambition, greed, and jealousy. Yellow-green can indicate sickness, cowardice, discord, and jealousy. Aqua is associated with emotional healing and protection. Olive green is the traditional color of peace. My Favorite color is green! Green, my favorite color! The color of life! Everywhere one looks in the summer they’ll find green. And that brings me to my favorite time of year, ya, you guessed it, summer! Some people love fall. I don’t get it, sure the vivid colors of the dying leaves are pretty, but everything is dying, drying up or falling off. I have watched people after stepping out into the cold, oh, excuse me, †cool† fall air, take a deep breath and say, â€Å" Ahh! Don’t you just love the smell of fall! † I guess if you like the smell of death, mold and rotting leaves, not for me thanks. Then you have your â€Å"winter† lovers. To me, these people are a â€Å"few fries short of a happy meal†! Or maybe the cold has slowed down their brain functions, eith er way, I don’t get it. The one good thing is that all the dead, rotting, and moldy debris, is covered under the snow, making winter smell a lot better than fall. The white stuff that covers every inch outside, can be pleasant to look at, and some mornings when there’s a wind chill of oh, I don’t know, maybe -40o Celsius, the frozen air crystals are quite beautiful. But seriously, if I want to see ice crystals I’d rather look at a picture or stick my head in the freezer, than have to go out and start the car and freeze my butt off. I don’t know I just don’t get it. At least in the summer when it rains you don’t have to shovel it or worry about falling down the stairs covered with ice. Unless of course you are my step father, he falls down in any season, especially when hanging out with his best friend, â€Å"Bacardi†. I wonder if anyone else has noticed how dark it is in the winter. Thank goodness the white stuff is all over the place to help reflect the light or one would forget what light looks like. We wake up in the dark, sneak a peek at daylight and then go to bed in the dark. There have been studies done stating that people need so much sun every day to remain healthy. Not just physical needs are met by the sun but our mental states are affected by the sun as well. How the heck are we supposed to get enough sunshine to create vitamin D when in order to go outside, you have to be covered from head to toe with warm clothes. Sunshine is not getting past our winter get ups. Again, we have another reason to love summer. I could go on and on about winter, if you have lived in Canada for any length of time, you know what I am talking about. You’ll be reminded when you need to get up when it is still dark outside to shovel the driveway so you can get your kids to school, then finding out it’s a snow day. If that happens to you I suggest you go look up my step father, and ask him to ntroduce you to his best friend. If you survive winter, spring does bring us hope of the joy that is to come. Life is starting to return. Spring is good, the sound of dripping water from melting ice can be heard everywhere. The chirping of birds has begun once again. Everything is springing back to life, waiting with hope and expectancy of what is to come. In t he trees we see signs of life everywhere, whether it is chirp of squirrels dancing and serenading their mates or the newly budding trees. The world is pregnant with the expectation of summer, bringing with it the birth of new life. Spring ushers summer back in, with all the different shades of green that can only be seen in summer’s backdrop. No more coats, boots, hats, and mittens, with the exception of baseball mitts. We can walk outside with our faces raised upward feeling the warmth of the sun on our faces, enjoying every beautiful ray of sunshine that rains down on creation supporting all life and filling our hearts with joy. It always comes back to summer. So the way I see it life revolves around summer, and green is the color of summer. So green is the best color in the world.

Southwest Airlines Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Southwest Airlines Study - Essay Example In as much as such strategies are helpful in terms of expanding the business and eliminating competitors to penetrate the market, companies are always faced with various challenges in implementing them. One such challenge includes that of bringing together the human resources from the two sides and ensure they cope well and harmoniously to work towards achieving the objectives of the newly formed company. Southwest Airlines recently, in 2011, acquired AirTran Airways and the new company now is faced with the challenge of making the new acquired employees get used to the new culture at Southwest Airlines (Gary, The Mission of Southwest Airlines, 2014). Southwest will also add thousands of employees from a number of airlines from a variety of locations. The main purpose of this paper is therefore, to analyze the challenges that the Southwest Airline is faced with while trying to acquire the new employees and make them adapt well to its existing culture and ways of doing work. It will, therefore, carry out a SWOT analysis of the company to use in providing recommendations to address the issue. Looking at their strengths, Southwest Airlines has flexible employment guidelines even though the guidelines are monitored by the workers union. The airline can negotiate flexible work hours by the union (Stewart, 2008). This enables workers to avail themselves to work at times that they are most comfortable with, and their overtime allowances paid. The airline also has a warm staff relationship as it looks responsibly after its staff. This makes the staff be motivated and go extra miles for the benefit of the company as they know the company also cares for them. Looking at the weaknesses of the airline, we find that; the airline is flexible even though unionized since they can still negotiate for flexible work hours. This can be a weakness to the airline as the union

The Effective Media Tool In Communicating With Arab Audience. Which Of Essay

The Effective Media Tool In Communicating With Arab Audience. Which Of The Four Media Tools, (Newspaper, Radio, Internet Or Television) Is Mostly Preferred By Arab Audience In The Middle East - Essay Example Many factors will give me a competency in doing this research. I was born and reared in that region. During my work in the media field in the Middle East, I was in direct contact with people and their concerns. The study about the audiences has always been an essential part of my undergraduate and graduate studies. Additionally, I am a native Arabic speaker and I have easy access to the researched region and its population with regards to surveys. This study enables me to apply my research techniques and know the role of each medium in influencing public opinion. The September 11 terrorist attack in New York City and the recent bombings in London made communication with the audience of Middle East a main priority for United Kingdom and other countries. Arab audience have become a very important issue for the western countries. Infact, the BBC World Service, will be launching an Arabic TV station dedicated in communicating with the audiences in the Arab world. This paper examines political, physiological and social issues that affect an audience towards the medium.

The affect of the healthcare reform on for-profit vs. non-profit Research Paper

The affect of the healthcare reform on for-profit vs. non-profit hospitals - Research Paper Example Health insurance and public health have been in the front line in this kind of debates as well as to what extent should the state offer assistance. Provision of healthcare is a task that encompasses provision of various healthcare services, relevant equipments to hospitals, pharmaceutical products, life sciences funding and funding in biotechnology. The activities that relate to healthcare and the centers where this is carried out include the hospitals, nursing and elderly homes, those involved in provision of healthcare plans, provision of laboratory services, drug manufacturing and delivery, diagnostic substances and biotechnology itself. Therefore, this is a line that required care to handle in the case of governments as it is a resource intensive sector. This also shows how the introduction as well as implementation of reforms can be quite a task as the stakeholders involved are many resulting to many and divergent views (Woolhandler 1997). This is what characterized the healthcare reforms bill that Obama administration brought forth. Healthcare reforms in a broader sense aim at placing more people under the health care bracket with the intervention of the government (public sector) and the private companies which offer health insurance (Congressional Budget Office 2010). The other aim is to increase the accessibility of health services and health specialists while at the same time ensuring quality improvement in regards to health care and at a relatively lower cost. The reforms also should focus on increasing the number of the providers of health care among which consumers will choose. In the United States in particular issues of healthcare reforms mostly relate to the sustainability of programs adopted, government spending on these reforms, the right to heath care, the fairness to the various people in the society, quality of the health care provided and

Optimal Educational Environment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Optimal Educational Environment - Research Paper Example A learning environment does not only entail the availing of classrooms and other learning materials and facilities; it also encompasses the processes and activities that ensure student an  entire institution’s safety. Student safety is a central ingredient not only in the provision of an optimal learning environment but also for the prevention of student exposure to health hazards. The main pillars or principles of which safety in a learning environment is anchored are common sense, knowledge, and preparation. It should be noted that both teachers and students must be knowledgeable and well prepared to apply common sense while reacting to safety situations. The first role of school administrators and teachers in ensuring student safety is to formulate, plan, implement, and evaluate safety strategies, policies, and disseminate instructions or information to students and staff. In addition, thorough investigations must be conducted on any safety issues/accidents that may occur in learning institutions. Among the strategies and policies implemented by a learning institution must be those that ensure that safety equipment is serviceable and accessible to students and the entire school community at all times. To ascertain this compliance with government safety rules and regulations, it would force school administrators and teachers to supervise the implementation of its safety policies by students, teachers, and the staff mandated to ensure student safety such as school security team and health care provider.... A learning environment does not only entail the availing of classrooms and other learning materials and facilities; it also encompasses the processes and activities that ensure student and entire institution’s safety. Nevertheless, student safety is a central ingredient not only in the provision of an optimal learning environment but also for the prevention of student exposure to health hazards. The main pillars or principles upon which safety in a learning environment is anchored are common sense, knowledge, and preparation. It should be noted that both teachers and students must be knowledgeable and well prepared to apply common sense while reacting to safety situations. The first role of school administrators and teachers in ensuring student safety is to formulate, plan, implement, and evaluate safety strategies, policies, and disseminate instructions or information to students and staff. In addition, thorough investigations must be conducted on any safety issues/accidents that may occur in learning institutions. Among the strategies and policies implemented by a learning institution must be those that ensure that safety equipment are serviceable and accessible to students and the entire school community at all times. The other important strategy towards ensuring student safety relates to safety rules and regulations. To this effect, it is imperative that school administrators and teachers ensure that the safety policies and strategies are compliant with the safety rules and regulations set by the relevant government authorities. To ascertain this compliance with government safety rules and regulations, it would force school administrators and teachers to supervise the implementation of its safety policies by students, teachers, and the staff mandated to ensure

Create an argument (premise, evidence and conclusion) that will adress Essay

Create an argument (premise, evidence and conclusion) that will adress which policies you would use to FIGHT THE WAR ON TERROR - Essay Example There are two significant reasons for this approach and the first one is that if we go beyond our own laws in the search for terrorists, we would invite international criticism and perhaps even an erosion of support from our allies. The 9/11 attacks were an unjust act of war but as the experiences immediately after the 9/11 attacks show, this American issue NATO into action with the enactment of Article 5 of the NATO treaty (Burke, 2004). Nearly every country in the world wanted to help America and bring the terrorists to justice so much so that the few rouge nations who recognized the Taliban regime quickly became allies to the war against terror. Pakistan was one such country which quickly changed its loyalties from the Taliban to follow western dictates despite the objections which were made by their fundamentalist groups (Burke, 2004). All these things happened simply due to the world seeing that the attack was unjust and as a victim of terrorism, America received all the diplomatic and moral support that it needed to bring the terrorists to justice. Therefore, the American attack on Afghanistan was in line with the constitutional policies of the nation and the attack was supported by the United Nations as well as other international bodies. At that point in time, it was commonly accepted that the culprits of these attacks must be brought to justice. However, later actions taken by America against Iraq and threats against other countries in the Middle East were not seen in a positive light especially when it came to the Europe Union. For instance, the French government was very unhappy about the American decision to enter Iraq and this has weakened the long standing transatlantic alliance (Sterba, 2003). Such policies of not taking our allies into confidence can be quite damaging for our cause and we must continue to gather the support of our allied nations before taking

Music From 1750- to the present-broad out line of the most significant Essay

Music From 1750- to the present-broad out line of the most significant - Essay Example Perhaps the backbone of music is the classical music tradition. Georg Mathhias Monn was an 18th century Vienna composer. His great contribution to the evolution of music was through the introduction of the secondary theme in the symphony. Monn was influenced by the Baroque style of Bach, but advanced this style to a more looser and graceful sound. His work on ‘Symphony in B major’ reflects this looser style, as well as containing a secondary theme. Ludwig van Beethoven’s Symphony #9 in D Minor, Opus 125 is a piece from most of the most renowned symphonies in the Western tradition. The symphony is in part such a revolutionary contribution to music, not simply because of its powerful and virtuosic content, but also because it represents one of the first instances of voices in a symphony. In terms of thematic content, Beethoven had a number of aristocratic patrons that ensure his artistic productions could be achieved to full completion. Franz Schubert was a 19th cen tury Romantic composer. Despite his early death at 31 his influence has lived on through a number of later composers and in the gradual adoption of Romantic principles. Schubert’s work on Erlkonig is highly influential as it aids in the early development of these Romantic tendencies, as well as the adoption symphonic poetry within the classical music context. In addition to traditional classical composers, there are a great number of amateur and otherwise marginalized songwriters. Louis Moreau Gottschalk was a nineteenth century American composer. He constructed a great number of Romantic piano works and was recognized as virtuoso performer. His composition ‘The Banjo: Fantasie grotesque, Opus 15’ falls within this category. ... The song is a light-hearted piano melody that one can argue is one of the forerunners of 20th century developments in popular music, with its naive and fun tone. Amy Beach was a 19th and 20th century American female pianist. Her composition ‘Gaelic Symphony: Movement 2’ is highly relevant to the history of music for its virtuosity and content; however, perhaps Beach’s greatest contribution was through breaking gender barriers in an field that until this point has been largely male dominated. Stephen Collins Foster was 19th century American songwriter. He is referred to as the father of American music. His song ‘De Camtown Races’ is highly important as it establishes forms of music that would later influence 20th century singers and songwriters. In terms of influence, the track was heavily influence from black minstrels that were popular at the time. Francis Johnson was a 19th century African American composer based in the United States. During this ti me African American composers were highly rare. Similar to Beach, Johnson continues the theme of marginalized individuals breaking into an oppressive industry. His song ‘The Grave of the Slave’ is notable for its simple yet beautiful melody. It’s clear Johnson was influenced by African minstrels and European and American classical influences. William Billings was an American choral composer during the 18th century. He is widely recognized as being the progenitor of American choral music. His songs were all written for four-part chorus and intended to be sang acapella. His composition ‘Wake Ev’ry Breath: A Canon of 6 in One with a Ground† falls directly into these categorical articulations. The choral composition is clearly influenced by similar spiritual compositions in the European tradition.

Data, database, and database management systems Essay - 2

Data, database, and database management systems - Essay Example The installation file for DB2 Express-C can be downloaded from the IBM website at no charge. It is free for everyone; so long as you register on their site. The registration process is very short and does not take a long. All that is required is the name of the subscriber, the address, and the email address to keep in touch with the company on their products and support information. This is a convenient way for the company can keep in touch with everyone who uses their database software. It is also a good way to ensure user data can be received from the registered users. The setup process is quick and the database is also easy to use too. It has capabilities that are self-managing. There is optional annual subscription for users who may need technical support from the company and any additional functionality for the software. For instance, the extra functionality that comes with the yearly subscription is the high availability data replication and clustering. DB2 Express-C server can run on any computer system irrespective of the number of processors or the amount of memory available. However, it requires 2 core processors minimum and a 2GB memory for the best performance. The operating systems it runs on are quite a handful. It is able to run on 32bit or 64 bit Linux, Windows, Solaris, and the 64 bit Intel processors on Mac OS X. The installation process is easy with clear guidelines from the dialog windows as well as in the IBM DB Express book. Any difficulty that may be experienced in installation is covered in the book. That said, when installation is complete, it is time to create a database; along with its tables, and all the fields that the tables will hold. A database name must be provided along with the number of the tables that the database is to consist of. After all the tables are created in the database with their attributes; their names, the

Just Desert Essay Example for Free

Just Desert Essay â€Å"Just Deserts† is simply defined as the morally reassuring allocation of happy and unhappy, virtuous and the vicious characters respectively and are usually at the end of a narrative or dramatic work. (Liberman, Peter 2006). Just desert is an idiom coined by Thomas Rhymer in 1968 from the word just and desert. Just is being honorable and fair in one’s dealings and actions whereas desert is what one deserves rightly. However there are many arguments from those who are in favor and those who are against â€Å"Just Deserts†. Those in favor argue that people who work hard deserve the fruits of their labor while whose who break the rules deserve to be treated in the same way that they voluntarily choose to treat others that is if you behave well, you are entitled to good treatment from others. The central idea they put forward is that the offender gains unfair advantages through his/her behavior and punishment will set that imbalance right/straight. Citizens should enjoy the benefits of the rule of law and anyone who seeks those benefits without willing to make the necessary sacrifice of self restraint wants to be a free rider by helping himself to unfair advantages and the society/state needs to prevent this to preserve the rule of law. This is because in the event of wrong doing one who merits certain benefits loses them while one who doesn’t deserve them gains them and therefore punishment removes the underserved benefits by imposing a penalty that in some sense pays for the harm inflicted by the offense. Just desert aims to restore both victim and offender to their appropriate positions relative to each other justifying the punishment is a warranted response to past events of injustice or wrong doing and acts to reinforce ruler that have been broken and balance the scales of justice. They believe that since conflict often involves violence and many involve genocide, racial discrimination, rape, murder and torture. The perpetrators should be brought to justice and this is only accomplished through international courts or tribunals that carry out war crimes adjudication. Consequently they feel that retributive justice gives those who violate human rights law or commit crimes against humanity their â€Å"just deserts† and that punishment will reinforce the rules of international law add that it denies those who have violated those rules any unfair advantages. However, there are those who are against â€Å"just deserts† completely since they are convinced that there is a tendency to slip from retributive justice to an emphasis on revenge which is a matter of retaliation they feel that revenge will only focus on personal hurt involved and will typically rotate around anger, hatred, bitterness and resentment. Such emotions are very destructive since they lead to overreaction and therefore the resulting punishments can be excessive and might cause antagonism. In addition, punishments which usually dictated by revenge will automatically not satisfy the principles of proportionality or consistency (Rachels, James. , (1997). This is because vengeance leads to punishment and vary according to the degree of anger provoked. This will ultimately mean that wrongs that do not provoke anger will receive no response while those acts that provoke a great deal of anger will on the other hand provoke and overly intense response. These responses which are dictated by emotions usually may lead to reciprocal acts of violence. This are normally thought to occur mostly in regions where there were past injustices done to the locals who re otherwise living together in harmony and if punishments which are dictated by vengeance are given resentments of past injustices may motivate people who otherwise live peacefully engage in torture and slaughter of neighbors identified are members of groups who committed past atrocities. This will provoke devastating inter group violence in the form of mass killing which further leads to more harm and downward spiral of violence. Overly harsh punishments brings/evokes feelings of hatred, increases the level of harm done, additionally, in an atmosphere of heightened violence, the room for forgiveness and apologies is closed or very little. In this event many of those who oppose â€Å"just deserts† believe that the victims should not seek revenge since this will in turn make them new victimizers but instead they should forgive the offenders and in the end cycle of the offence is discontinued. Furthermore, they feel that forgiveness does not and will not take the place of justice or punishments, nor does it rule out giving the wrong doer his/her â€Å"just deserts†. In summary, both arguments for and against â€Å"just deserts† suggest that punishments should fit the errors that is like cases be treated alike and that the wrong doer wholly deserves blame and punishment proportionate to the harm inflicted. However, thou against feel that formal institutions with trained judiciaries are best equipped to carry out just retribution and that such institution can effectively bring the offenders to justice by giving them punishment they deserve. They continue to say that truth and reconciliation commissions play an integral role especially trials for war crimes can convert the desire for revenge into state managed punishment that is proportional and fair. However, they warn that incases of large scale violence such trials are ineffective but propose restorative justice through reparations and compensation. References: Gragg, Wesley (1992). The practice of punishment towards a theory of restorative justice (New York, Routledge, 15. Liberman, Peter 2006. An eye for an eye public support for war against evil doers. International organization Rachels, James (1997) â€Å"punishment and Desert† in ethics in practice, ed Hugh Lafollette Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers,

Winter versus Summer Driving Essay Example for Free

Winter versus Summer Driving Essay Winter driving is vastly different from summer driving. A different set of driving skills is required in the winter due to extreme weather conditions. Winter is by far the hardest season for drivers to navigate, while the summer is the easiest. This essay will compare and contrast winter and summer driving to show that winter is the most technically difficult. Winter and summer driving are similar in that both seasons require one to get behind the wheel of a vehicle. The basic driving decisions are always the same no matter what the season. One must always signal appropriately, pay attention to traffic and other drivers around, and generally concentrate on getting from one point to another. Winter and summer driving are very different in the types of weather conditions present. In the summer, there is generally less rain and snow to make the roadway conditions hazardous. With dry pavement, cars and drivers respond quicker to situations, avoiding accident potentials. In the winter, rain and snow make the roads slick and less forgiving in dangerous situations. Even if a driver is attentive, winter conditions may cause a vehicle to spin out of control at the slightest touch of the brakes. Winter drivers must be more cautious of distance between cars in case one needs to stop quickly. Winter drivers may also have to contend with frost and condensation on the windows of cars. Both can decrease visibility and reduce driver awareness. Summer is generally warmer and dryer, reducing the chance of frost and condensation problems. All in all, summer driving is more forgiving than winter driving. Weather conditions in the winter can render roadways very dangerous, requiring increased driver skill. The summer roadways are less wet and icy than winter roads, allowing drivers to avoid potential threats much quicker with less reaction time. Winter driving requires higher reaction times, larger technical skill, and a higher level of vehicle maintenance for optimal driving conditions.

Importance of Supportive Communication

Importance of Supportive Communication EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Communication is an everyday activity. There is nothing that can be done without communication. However this essential of life can be very damaging if not use it properly or accurately. It is every body’s wish that all people behave, act, think, response, move, learn and communicate just as he/she was made off. As a result of inequalities and imperfection of human nature, all of us cannot act the same. It is often and always easier to communicate good news and happy moments to our love ones, work mates, school mates, family members etc. however the moment of truth is when to communicates the opposite to those that are close to us, colleagues, family members etc. and when not handled properly can ruin a hard fought relationships cultivated over the year. This is because we are inclined by nature to receive good news than the bad news though it might be the fact. Therefore cultivating the skills of supporting communication an inevitable tool for every person irrespective of the level of responsibility one finds itself. Supportive communication seeks to preserve or enhance a positive relationship between you and another person while still addressing a problem, giving negative feedback, or tackling a difficult issue with such person. There are numerous benefits associated with companies which ideologies the concept of supporting communication that companies who does not as carried by various surveys. In such context one can be an asset to a group, work environment, family when he/she is able to communicate supportively to the up build of the group, work and family and in this direction I chose to work on my supporting communication skills. Before I read and participated in the classroom on this skill, my skill assessment score was below the mean quartile in comparing with 5000 students who undertook the same assessment. My score after reading and class participating almost threepuled above even above the highest quartile. This does not mean that I can skillfully applied supportive communication. Practical steps have been put in place to apply this knowledge into full use. These steps includes; by asking two same case study group to assess my reaction when giving counsel on performance of a group member, a planned friendship with those who their attitudes and behaviors I disguise so much and finally being asking my children to note down whenever I get angry in the process of giving the feedback. INTRODUCTION Communication is an everyday activity. And is the ordinary interaction that occurs between coworkers, friends, acquaintances, or intimates on daily bases. Communication comes in different forms. Verbal communication which includes sounds, words, language and speaking whiles non-verbal communication involves physical ways of communication like, tone of voice, touch, smell and body language. The quality of communication and how communications are evolves and is maintained are the basis of whether a relationship amongst individuals are stable, become more intimate when appropriate and if additional information is shared between individual reflecting trust between the both parties in every facet of human life. Ineffective communication may lead individual to dislike each other, be offended by each other, lose confidence, refuse to listen and disagree to each other as well as causing a host of other interpersonal problem. (Whatten Camaron, 2011) Normally positive interpersonal relationships results when always things are going on well and people do what they are expected and suppose of them. However, when communicating to an individual who has a negative attitude, such as a personality conflict with coworker or hasn’t perform up to expectation, the risk of putting the employee on the defensive is very high. Individual often react defensively if they feel they are being punished or threatened by communicating, and thus they devote attention to identify counter arguments rather than listening. Thus communication is more productive when it is done constructively or done supportively. SUPPORTIVE COMMUNICATION Supportive communication is interpersonal communications that help individuals to communicate accurately, especially in difficult situations and times. Supportive communication seeks to preserve or enhance a positive relationship between you and another person while still addressing a problem, giving negative feedback, or tackling a difficult issue. It allows you to communicate information to others that is not complimentary, or to resolve an uncomfortable issue with another person but, in the process, strengthen your relationship. Supportive communication builds and strengthened relationships when delivering negative feedback or when you have to point out few shortcoming of another person. It thus seek to preserve or enhance a positive relationship between two people whiles still addressing issue. It allows communicating information to others that is not complementary but rather that strengthen the relationship. Companies fostering supportive communication enjoy higher productivity, faster problem solving, higher quality outputs, and fewer conflicts and subversive activities than groups or organizations where relationships are less. (Robbins Coulter, 2007) it goes on to present a survey conducted with conclusion, that companies with presence of good supportive communication between managers and subordinate were three times more powerful in predicting profitability in major cooperation’s over a five year period than the most powerful variables – market size, firm size and saves growth rate-combined. There are arguably eight attributes of supportive communication of which all other research shared the same thought as far the scope of this research is concern. This indicates that to communicate supportively one must adhere to these characteristics when communicating. ATTRIBUTES OF SUPPORTIVE COMMUNICATION Problem oriented, not person oriented. Problem-oriented communication focuses on a problem that can be solved rather than the person who is responsible for the problem. Person-oriented communication puts the listener on the defensive and focuses the attention on blame rather than on avoiding or solving future problems Congruent, not incongruent. Congruent communication conveys what the speaker is thinking and feeling. There are definitely situations where discretion is a more appropriate choice than full disclosure of what we think and feel. However, in most communication situations, we communicate more effectively when were candid. If we arent honest, listeners wont trust what we say. Descriptive, not evaluative. Evaluative communication expresses judgment of the listener, or his or her actions. To be an effective constructive communicator, we should objectively describe problems rather than speak in an evaluative manner. Evaluative communication puts the listener on the defensive. Validating, not invalidating. Validating communication helps people feel understood, valued, and accepted. In contrast, invalidating communication treats people as if they are ignored, worthless, or alienated. Invalidating communication is superiority-oriented, rigid, impervious and/or indifferent and its avoid treating the listener like a lesser person. Specific, not global. There are two key drawbacks to global statements of problems; theyre often too large to be resolved and they tend to oversimplify and misrepresent problems. Conjunctive, not disjunctive. Disjunctive communication takes at least three forms; not letting the other party speak, long pauses, and switching topics. Disjunctive communication can result in the other party thinking that their input is not being considered. Owned, not disowned. When we own our communication, we take responsibility for our statements and acknowledge that we are the source of the ideas conveyed and not someone else. We disown communication when we search for third parties to attribute our comments to. Listening, not one-way message delivery. Explains, effective listening is actively absorbing the information given to you by a speaker, showing that you are listening and interested, and providing feedback to the speaker so that he or she knows the message was received. Effective listening is often taken for granted, but its a valuable managerial tool. PERSONAL ASSESSMENT SUPPORTIVE COMMUNICATION In order to be sincere and able to know my managerial shortcoming in this skill area, I assessed myself based on the following questionnaires before and after reading and participating during lectures. The evaluation of these questionnaires is as a result of weakness observed when learning this skills and much effort is needed to overcome these shortcomings as comparing myself to 5000 students who also took the same assessment. Rating Scale 1. Strongly disagree 2. Disagree 3. Slightly disagree 4. Slightly agree 5. Agree 6. Strongly agree Assessment Pre Post Questionnaires 3 6 When I give feedback to others, I avoid referring to personal characteristics and focus on problems or solutions instead 2 6 I always link negative feedback to a standard or expectation that has been violated 2 5 When I try to correct someone’s behavior, our relationship is almost always strengthened. 1 6 I am descriptive in giving negative feedback to others. That is, I objectively describe events, their consequences, and my feelings about them 3 6 I always suggest specific alternatives to individuals whose behavior I’m trying to correct 3 6 I reinforce other people’s sense of self-worth and self-esteem in my communication with them. 2 5 When asking questions of others in order to understand their viewpoints better, I generally ask â€Å"what† questions instead of â€Å"why† questions 2 6 I don’t dominate conversations with others. 1 6 I hold regular, private meetings with people with whom I work and with whom I live. 2 5 I strive to identify some area of agreement in a discussion with someone who has a different point of view Table # 1: supporting communication questionnaires and responses. SKILLS ASSESSMENT INTERPRETATION The first five questionnaires are in respect of how I can effectively communicate negative feedback, the higher the scores the better for one to communicate effectively negative feedback than the lower scoring. Whereas the last five questionnaires are also in respect of how I can be effective in communicating supportively, and again the higher the scoring the better than the lower scoring. The total scoring before the reading and class participating as shown above was 21 scores as compares to an average 5000 student mean quartile scores of 45 out of possible 60 scores and my score after was 57 out of possible 60 scores. This indicates better understanding and knowledge on how I can effectively communicates negative feedback to someone in a supportive manner. PRACTICAL APPLICATION – SUPPORTIVE COMMUNICATION The above after reading and acquiring the knowledge does not make me a better person to be effective in supporting communication, is just acknowledgement of how critical supporting communication is in every facet in one’s life. It takes several practices and on the field application of this knowledge that one become effective communicating supportively. However since practice make man perfect; the following are planned practical steps activities to help me to communicate supportively. First in the MBA program, working in groups are integral part of the program, hence supporting commununication is very important at all level of group activities. That is from group formation, sharing of responsibilities, embarking on assigned group assignment and holding rehearsal presentations within the group. To put supportive communication into practice, I have asked two group members to assess me whenever is my turn to communicate feedback to a group member who has presented during group rehearsals on his/her weakness as well as whenever is my turn to be counseled after my presentation. Two different will let me know objectively about the assessment. I will also purchase a voice recorder so that I can listen to it after group discussion. Secondary I have planned to be friend with those who generally I don’t associate better due to their character traits, race, culture and religion. Trying to form friendship with such people will always help me to improve on my supporting communication skills. The reason being that since I have a perceived mind already regarding them, accepting them as friends will be a real challenge, however that will also help me improve on not always dominating but also welcoming others viewpoint in discussions which is one of the eight attributes of good supporting communication. Finally in the house since children are active when ever decisions goes their way, I will ask each of them to count the number of times I get angry and why when am having discussions with them or in dealing with each individuals in the house. This will help me to work on my anger level since it will be difficult for someone with high level of anger to be supportive in communication especially when communicating negative feedback. REFERENCES Whetten, D., Cameron, S. (2011). Developing Management Skills (8th. ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Vucaj, I. (2013). Managing human resources. Blog at wordPress.com. Robbins, S P., Coulter, M. (2012). Management (11th. ed.). Pearson education. Schmidt, J., Uecker, D. (2007). Increasing understanding of routine/everyday  interaction in relationships. Communication Teacher, 21, 111-116.

Argument for the Existence of God :: Religion, Theology

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The following paper will provide a sound argument in favor of the existence of God. By demonstrating that an Atheist world cannot account for the preconditions of the laws of logic an Atheist cannot even account for a rational debate concerning the existence of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The impossibility of the contrary†, the best and only proof that the nesesary truth of the existence of God is his revelation of himself to us that makes it possible for us to use logic. This could be translated, using only nessesary truths, into the form of:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  L: (laws of logic)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  G: (God exists)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   if L entails G L   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ================   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   G Logic is â€Å"the laws of reasoning that God has established.† If God has established these laws of reasoning that we call logic then how could the Atheist system account for the laws of logic. First they are immaterial and universal, and how could anything immaterial and universal be accounted for in a naturalistic (matter only) universe. Second if God has established these laws of reasoning then there would be no atheism. An Atheist wants to believe in laws of logic which are universal in application, but in order to escape the ultimate implications of this idea ( there is a God who imposes universal standards of reason.), the Atheist will try to maintain that the â€Å"laws of logic† are merely â€Å" conventions† of general agreement amongst them. This is philosophically non- acceptable, if logic were simply a matter of convention, it would be impossible

Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essa

â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde† is a gothic horror novella written by Robert Louis Stevenson in the Victorian era. The novella follows a well-respected doctor - Henry Jekyll - and his struggle between good and evil when he takes a potion and becomes Mr Hyde. Robert Louis Stevenson - the author of the novella â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde†- was born in Edinburgh in 1850 and died at the young age of forty-four. He wrote the book in 1886. As a child he was very close to his nurse and when he was ill she used to read him Bible stories as he was brought up in a strict Catholic tradition, which he later rebelled against. This led to his fascination for his city’s low life and for bizarre characters, which proved rich material for later stories. Deacon Brodie lived in Edinburgh in the eighteenth century. His double life is thought to have been the inspiration for Robert Louis Stevenson to write â€Å"Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde†. Deacon Brodie lived an extravagant lifestyle, which even his high position in Edinburgh society could not support, so he turned to crime to finance his lifestyle. This concept of a doppelganger - a shadow of a different side of a human - was used in â€Å"Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde† to create the same effect. Stevenson may also have found inspiration from a book, called â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley as it is of the gothic horror genre just like Stevenson’s book. A gothic horror story contains a plot hinged on suspense and mystery, which often involves the supernatural. Another writer, who may have influenced Stevenson’s writing, is Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution. Within Stevenson’s gothic horror story - â€Å"Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde† - suspense is added by the descrip... ...nerable. He portrays evil to be strong, as you only think of yourself and what you want, and this is why Hyde attempts to take over Jekyll. Although Hyde seems to take over Jekyll there is still a part of Jekyll there, which makes Hyde take the potion to become Jekyll again, so that he can then end the evil of the beast he created which also means ending his life too. In conclusion I feel Stevenson has successfully portrayed evil through his characters, setting and language. I enjoyed the different ways it suggests evil and I believe Robert Louis Stevenson has accomplished his aim to write a gothic horror book and â€Å"The Strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is truly a book of its time as creating an evil side that, if made subject to, would alter normal civilized behaviour and conduct horrific violence was unheard of at the time the book was published.

Growing Up in the Age of Technology :: Nick Gillespie Violence Essays

Growing Up in the Age of Technology In a society where it is increasingly common for the perpetrators of violent crimes to cite their favorite movie or song lyrics as the inspiration behind their actions, one has to wonder - are pop culture audiences so mindlessly impressionable that they become victim to any or all media suggestion? Does pop culture have as large an affect on morality as the critics claim, and are current attempts to police pop culture necessary? Not really, says Nick Gillespie, editor of Reason magazine and author of the article "View Masters": "What is on the screen or on the stereo is not irrelevant, of course. But it matters far less than one might suppose." In Gillespie's opinion, viewers are not merely passive receptors of pop culture; instead they use the context of their own lives to create meaning and value in what they watch. Consumers of the pop culture phenomenon have always viewed media technology like the television, the telephone, and the computer as an interactive experience. Through dialogue with friends, station surfing, posting to a show's computerized bulletin board, or even turning off the television, viewers demonstrate the ability to become "what's known in literary studies as 'resisting readers.' " In other words, these reactions demonstrate a mental engagement with what is presented, and not merely an uncomprehending reception of what is offered. "Individuals sitting in a theater, or watching television, or listening to a CD don't always see and hear things the way they're 'supposed' to", says Gillespie, and the variety of human viewpoints are what allow for interpretations and "misinterpretations" of the media's par ticular message. According to media analysts, most audiences sit passively while, "Hollywood merely projects morality - good, bad, or indifferent - onto us." These proponents of media censorship support the careful supervision of the entertainment industry, chiefly because they do not perceive viewers as intelligent critics, able to form their own opinions or to make independent decisions. To censors, media is capable of only two functions: instilling greater moral and educational ethic in society, or a provoking a craving for chaos and depravity. The government and many skeptics play a key role in this ideology, not only through a belief that good entertainment should be solely didactic, but also by underestimating the viewer's ability to make independent choices, "or to bring his own interpretation to bear on what he sees.

Madina Charter Essay

1.This is a document from Muhammad the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), governing relations between the Believers i.e. Muslims of Quraysh and Yathrib and those who followed them and worked hard with them. They form one nation Ummah. 2.The Quraysh Mohajireen will continue to pay blood money, according to their present custom. 3.In case of war with any body they will redeem their prisoners with kindness and justice common among Believers. (Not according to pre-Islamic nations where the rich and the poor were treated differently). 4.The Bani Awf will decide the blood money, within themselves, according to their existing custom. 5.In case of war with anybody all parties other than Muslims will redeem their prisoners with kindness and justice according to practice among Believers and not in accordance with pre-Islamic notions. 6.The Bani Saeeda, the Bani Harith, the Bani Jusham and the Bani Najjar will be governed on the lines of the above (principles) 7.The Bani Amr, Bani Awf, Bani Al-Nabeet, and Bani Al-Aws will be governed in the same manner. 8.Believers will not fail to redeem their prisoners they will pay blood money on their behalf. It will be a common responsibility of the Ummat and not of the family of the prisoners to pay blood money. 9.A Believer will not make the freedman of another Believer as his ally against the wishes of the other Believers. 10.The Believers, who fear Allah, will oppose the rebellious elements and those that encourage injustice or sin, or enmity or corruption among Believers. 11.If anyone is guilty of any such act all the Believers will oppose him even if he be the son of any one of them. 12.A Believer will not kill another Believer, for the sake of an un-Believer. (i.e. even though the un-Believer is his close relative). 13.No Believer will help an un-Believer against a Believer. 14.Protection (when given) in the Name of Allah will be common. The weakest among Believers may give protection (In the Name of Allah) and it will be binding on all Believers. 15.Believers are all friends to each other to the exclusion of all others. 16.Those Jews who follow the Believers will be helped and will be treated with equality. (Social, legal and economic equality is promised to all loyal citizens of the State). 17.No Jew will be wronged for being a Jew. 18.The enemies of the Jews who follow us will not be helped. 19.The peace of the Believers (of the State of Madinah) cannot be divided. (it is either peace or war for all. It cannot be that a part of the population is at war with the outsiders and a part is at peace). 20.No separate peace will be made by anyone in Madinah when Believers are fighting in the Path of Allah. 21.Conditions of peace and war and the accompanying ease or hardships must be fair and equitable to all citizens alike. 22.When going out on expeditions a rider must take his fellow member of the Army-share his ride. 23.The Believers must avenge the blood of one another when fighting in the Path of Allah (This clause was to remind those in front of whom there may be less severe fighting that the cause was common to all. This also meant that although each battle appeared a separate entity it was in fact a part of the War, which affected all Muslims equally). 24.The Believers (because they fear Allah) are better in showing steadfastness and as a result receive guidance from Allah in this respect. Others must also aspire to come up to the same standard of steadfastness. 25.No un-Believer will be permitted to take the property of the Quraysh (the enemy) under his protection. Enemy property must be surrendered to the State. 26.No un-Believer will intervene in favour of a Quraysh, (because the Quraysh having declared war are the enemy). 27.If any un-believer kills a Believer, without good cause, he shall be killed in return, unless the next of kin are satisfied (as it creates law and order problems and weakens the defence of the State). All Believers shall be against such a wrong-doer. No Believer will be allowed to shelter such a man. 28.When you differ on anything (regarding this Document) the matter shall be referred to Allah and Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace). 29.The Jews will contribute towards the war when fighting alongside the Believers. 30.The Jews of Bani Awf will be treated as one community with the Believers. The Jews have their religion. This will also apply to their freedmen. The exception will be those who act unjustly and sinfully. By so doing they wrong themselves and their families. 31.The same applies to Jews of Bani Al-Najjar, Bani Al Harith, Bani Saeeda, Bani Jusham, Bani Al Aws, Thaalba, and the Jaffna, (a clan of the Bani Thaalba) and the Bani Al Shutayba. 32.Loyalty gives protection against treachery. (loyal people are protected by their friends against treachery. As long as a person remains loyal to the State he is not likely to succumb to the ideas of being treacherous. He protects himself against weakness). 33.The freedmen of Thaalba will be afforded the same status as Thaalba themselves. This status is for fair dealings and full justice as a right and equal responsibility for military service. 34.Those in alliance with the Jews will be given the same treatment as the Jews. 35.No one (no tribe which is party to the Pact) shall go to war except with the permission of Muhammed (may Allah bless him and grant him peace). If any wrong has been done to any person or party it may be avenged. 36.Any one who kills another without warning (there being no just cause for it) amounts to his slaying himself and his household, unless the killing was done due to a wrong being done to him. 37.The Jews must bear their own expenses (in War) and the Muslims bear their expenses. 38.If anyone attacks anyone who is a party to this Pact the other must come to his help. 39.They (parties to this Pact) must seek mutual advice and consultation. 40.Loyalty gives protection against treachery. Those who avoid mutual consultation do so because of lack of sincerity and loyalty. 41.A man will not be made liable for misdeeds of his ally. 42.Anyone (any individual or party) who is wronged must be helped. 43.The Jews must pay (for war) with the Muslims. (this clause appears to be for occasions when Jews are not taking part in the war. Clause 37 deals with occasions when they are taking part in war). 44.Yathrib will be Sanctuary for the people of this Pact. 45.A stranger (individual) who has been given protection (by anyone party to this Pact) will be treated as his host (who has given him protection) while (he is) doing no harm and is not committing any crime. Those given protection but indulging in anti-state activities will be liable to punishment. 46.A woman will be given protection only with the consent of her family (Guardian). (a good precaution to avoid inter-tribal conflicts). 47.In case of any dispute or controversy, which may result in trouble the matter must be referred to Allah and Muhammed (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), The Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) of Allah will accept anything in this document, which is for (bringing about) piety and goodness. 48.Quraysh and their allies will not be given protection. 49.The parties to this Pact are bound to help each other in the event of an attack on Yathrib. 50.If they (the parties to the Pact other than the Muslims) are called upon to make and maintain peace (within the State) they must do so. If a similar demand (of making and maintaining peace) is made on the Muslims, it must be carried out, except when the Muslims are already engaged in a war in the Path of Allah. (so that no secret ally of the enemy can aid the enemy by calling upon Muslims to end hostilities under this clause). 51.Everyone (individual) will have his share (of treatment) in accordance with what party he belongs to. Individuals must benefit or suffer for the good or bad deed of the group they belong to. Without such a rule party affiliations and discipline cannot be maintained. 52.The Jews of al-Aws, including their freedmen, have the same standing, as other parties to the Pact, as long as they are loyal to the Pact. Loyalty is a protection against treachery. 53.Anyone who acts loyally or otherwise does it for his own good (or loss). 54.Allah approves this Document. 55.This document will not (be employed to) protect one who is unjust or commits a crime (against other parties of the Pact). 56.Whether an individual goes out to fight (in accordance with the terms of this Pact) or remains in his home, he will be safe unless he has committed a crime or is a sinner. (i.e. No one will be punished in his individual capacity for not having gone out to fight in accordance with the terms of this Pact). 57.Allah is the Protector of the good people and those who fear Allah, and Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) is the Messenger of Allah (He guarantees protection for those who are good and fear Allah).

Pathogens Essay

Pathogens be everywhere. They ar in people, animals, and the environment. Pathogens come in a huge variety. The types be fungous, bacterial, viral, and other parasites. All pathogens stand be self-destructive, but ii of them atomic number 18 more dangerous. These both types that more dangerous ar fungous and bacterial. While two fungal and bacterial pathogens cause illness, they discord in the room they ar genetic, the expression they atomic number 18 hard-boiled, and the complaints they cause. First, the way fungal and bacterial pathogens are ancestral is distinct.Most fungal pathogens are non transmitted person to person but instead by inhaling fungal spores. On the other hand bacterial pathogens are transmitted in umteen ways care with repair and air. Bacterial pathogens are also transmitted by material fluids. The close to universalplace infection that is transmitted by mobile pathogens is Tuberculosis. Some of the Bacterial diseases that are tr ansmitted stem A Streptococcus, Invasive Group B Streptococcal, Haemophilus influenza. Some bacterial diseases transmitted by bodily fluids are Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, and Chancroid.Second, they are different in the way they are serveed. Bacterial infections are usu exclusivelyy treated with antibiotics pills. Penicillin was discovered in the 1920s by a British scientist named Alexander Fleming. Fleming approximately accidently discovered the natural growing substance. He named it Penicillin after the Penicillium mold that do it. The first antibiotic discovered that could onslaught certain bacteria was Penicillin. In 1940 two scientists, Howard Florey and Ernest Chain, were researching projects in bacteriology looking for ways to levy or continue with chemistry.Using chemistry they created a brown powder that kept its berth for more than a few days. by and by experimenting they found it to be safe. It was needed skillful away on the front lines of homo War II so p assel production started right away. Penicillin saved many an(prenominal) lives that would afford been lost due to bacterial infection even in humble wounds (Rosenberg, n. d. ). On the other hand fungal infections are usually treated utilize antifungal creams or injections. Antifungal creams are used to treat things resembling athletic supporters foot, ringworm of the groin and eubstance, peel infection because of Candida yeast.A serious arrangingic infections like crypotococcal meningitis. Antifungal injections are used to treat infections like candidiasis, Coccidiomycosis, and Crypotococcal Meningitis. Antifungals work by exploiting differences in mammalian and fungal cells to kill the fungal organisms with no dangerous effects on the host. Fungal and human cells are alike at the molecular level. Antifungal drugs nates cause side effects slightly could be fatal if the drug is not used properly (Antifungal medication, n. d. ). Finally, the diseases that fungal and bacter ial pathogens cause are completely different.Fungal diseases are rarer and more likely to be fatal. oneness of the some fatal fungal pathogens is Candida. monilia disease infections suffer many types the most leafy vegetable non-fatal type is oral also know as thrush. Invasive monilia disease infections give if Candida yeast gets in your bloodstream and you project a weakened immune system and a yeast infection goes untreated. Candidiasis infections have a forty to litre percent mortality cast for general infections (Hidalgo, 1994-2013). Bacterial diseases are more common and there are so many different types.Some bacterial infections are Botulism, Lyme disease, and gonorrhea. Botulism is a disease that causes neuroparalysis because of a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium Botulinum. The three types of botulism are babe botulism, foodborne botulism, and wound botulism. Infant botulism is caused by ingested C Botulinum spores that germinate in the catgut and produce toxin. Infant botulism has less than a one percent mortality rate. Foodborne botulism is most commonly caused by improperly can or home-prepared foods. Foodborne Botulism carries a mortality rate of atomic number 23 to ten percent.Wound botulism is caused by befoulment of a wound with toxin producing Botulinum. Wound botulism has a mortality rate of fifteen to cardinal percent (Chan-Tack, 1994 2013). Lyme disease is caused by bacteria called borrelia burgdorferi. It is carried by black legged ticks that have bitten mice or deer infected with Lyme disease. make up one of Lyme disease is when the bacteria has entered the body but has spread through bulge out the body. wooden leg two is when the disease has spread through the body some. Stage is a general infection.Each stage of Lyme disease also has different symptoms. Stage one symptoms are like the flu. The symptoms include fever, body-wide itches, and bodybuilder pain. Stage two symptoms are paralysis or weakness of face muscle builders, pain or extrusion the knees or other large pins, muscle pain, and heart problems. Stage three symptoms are muscle weakness, numbness and tingling, abnormal muscle movement, and speech problems. Stage three of Lyme disease can cause long endpoint joint inflammation, heart rhythm problems, and mind and nervous system problems.These problems include stringency problems, memory problems, nerve damage, sleep disorders, and hatful problems. (Lyme Disease, 2013). Gonorrhea is caused by a bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The bacteria grow in warm, dampish areas of the body, like the tube that carries urine out of the body. In women the bacteria can be found in the reproductive tract. Symptoms usually out in two to five days after infection. Sometimes symptoms arrive up to a month to appear and some people never have any symptoms. Some symptoms are ardent and pain while urinating, sore throat, and expelling from the penis or vagina.Complications like joint infectio ns, heart valve infection, or meningitis may excrete in both men and women. Scarring or narrowing of the urethra or pus some the urethra may evanesce may occur in men. Pelvic inflammatory disease, scarring of the fallopian tubes, infertility may also occur in women (Gonorrhea, 2013). In Short, while fungal and bacterial pathogens are different in the way they are transmitted, the diseases they cause, and the way they are treated. They are dangerous to us because the hold a form we cant settle without a microscope.They cause diseases like Candidiasis and Botulism. The infections are treated with pills, creams, and injections. These pathogens are most commonly transmitted by touch, inhalation, bodily fluids, and air. They cant be avoided all of the time. We will never see them attack but, we can increase our knowledge about them. Increasing our knowledge will step-down our chances or getting them by learned what causes them we can avoid them better. References Rosenberg, J. ( n. d. ). Alexander Fleming Discovers Penicillin. Retrieved from http//history1900s. about. om/od/medicaladvancesissues/a/penicillin. htm Antifungal medication. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Antifungal_medication Hidalgo, J. A. (1994-2013). Candidiasis. Retrieved from http//emedicine. medscape. com/ name/213853-overviewshowall Chan-Tack, K. M. (1994-2013). Botulism. Retrieved from http//emedicine. medscape. com/article/213311-overviewshow Lyme Disease. (2013). Retrieved from http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002296/ Gonorrhea. (2013). Retrieved from http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004526/

How Are the Themes of Loneliness in “of Mice and Men”?

How atomic number 18 the themes of bargonness and closing off searchd in Of Mice and hands? innate(p) in 1902, hindquarters Steinbeck, write of Of Mice and hands, circle his mass in the 1930s. The sweet revolves or so twain hard- determineing workforce hooked on iodine a nonher(prenominal) during the broad Depression, a magazine when to a greater extent or less were al iodine. legion(predi clax whizz) themes be lookd in the fresh such as racism, bleakness, baulk, closing off and sensationship. This undertake pull up stakes be blither of the t testify or so how the themes of seclusion and closing off be come acrosskd in Of Mice and work force. g b atomic number 18r is nonp atomic number 18il sort in which Steinbeck illustrates forlornness and isolation.The point of reference of Curleys conjoin wo military man is use to pose this. passim the agree Curleys hook up with woman is neer referred to her wee which is un roll in the hayn . This suggests that she is a self- go forth belong to Curley. By non having her put forward menti unity(a)d Curleys married woman body un equal plain though she proves Lennie her demeanor report as with let on a realize she be mysterious. Her conjugal union to Curley causes for her to be spurned by the spread head workers when she seeks place their trouble and protagonistship. indeed she is non scarcely l whizzsome(a) alone in any case separated as thither be al unitedly men on the spread head who sport outside(a) from her.Critics whitethorn postulate that Steinbeck was besides acerb in non fine-looking a list to Curleys wife progress in my aspect rump Steinbeck was provided pull plunk forion the honesty of that peculiar(a) quantify period. Steinbeck in any case uses sequence to explore the themes of solitariness and isolation. dulcify, an obsolescent bed cover worker, is employ to boasting these themes. As the old(a)es t man on the spread glass over is the approximately unsafe of the men as he knows that if he was to be pink-slipped from his cable he would charter no antithetic note to go to, what with having no family or friends. This ships company isolates him from the former(a)s as thithers no one whom he stinker plug into to this astir(predicate).Critics whitethorn judge that conjuration Steinbeck is stereotyping old state as useless. an different(a)(prenominal) expression in which the some(prenominal) themes be explored is done racism. For this s ilkwisel Steinbeck uses Crooks. As a perpetual pluck and a dimmed per watchword, Crooks is stray from the an early(a)(prenominal) calibres. He has his own board which whitethorn be providential hardly merely bring forward alienates him from the some new(prenominal) workers. Crooks visualises that he is alone(p) eon chating to Lennie, he steers, I ensure ya a cuckoo gets besides solitary(a) an he gets sick. He dialog of how he wakes up in the darkness and sees something scarce doesnt know if he was practiced pipe fantasying, if had a friend he would incur asked him.Because of his bleed Crooks has some(prenominal) disadvantages one of them universe that he is not completelyowed to show the bunk foretoken. an different(prenominal) existence that he is ill- turn toed by the early(a)(a) workers. Crooks is not apt(p) a misadventure to second anyone and is then twain physically and cordially unaffectionate. Lennie shows how harm ignore blow over to devastation and isolation. His child- deal wittiness distances him from the anformer(a)(prenominal) workers. though he negotiation to and is talked to by another(prenominal) consultations he is separate in his hear because at that place is restricttle down a separation. His disability causes the other computer addresss on the spread to treat him as inferior.Lennie was told both Crooks and Curleys wife s biography tosh solely it doesnt respect in the oblige whether or not he was in truth auditory sense when the deuce confided in him. This makes you distrust whether or not Lennie is real as he is depict. Critics whitethorn say that Lennies char flecker was too fantastic and overdrawn. euthanasia is utilize to explore the themes of solitariness and isolation. once more Lennie is use to pomposity this along with sweetens leaper. both(prenominal) of them were in a homogeneous piazza where their cobblers last was what was exceed for them. passim the keep back Lennie is depict as animalistic which nurture connects him to dulcorates click.Lennie was killed by soul who c ard about him, George, while confect had wished to accommodate been the one who had killed his dog. Without his dog Candy was go amodal value as lone(a) because though he let off had the others, his dog was the one who was incessantly by his side. It shows that Lennie was authentically lone(prenominal)(prenominal) because when he died though George was shake he had tighten as a friend to step in Lennie. whoremonger Steinbeck uses dreams to show aloneness and isolation. Georges character is utilize to show this. Although close of the cattle spreading workers desire George, he is mentally uninvolved. This is because of his dream which distances him from the other characters.His dream acts as a buck because in the end he knows that it will never set about true. His sentiency causes for him to be isolated, solitary(a) and unr apieceable. financial spot in any case presentments privacy and isolation. For this the character of Curley is utilise. Curley provoke be viewed as the baddie in the figment because of the ignominious instruction he treats the other workers. He uses his weeny sizing as an advantage. The chief(prenominal) oddment though surrounded by him and the workers is money. Curley is married and notwithstanding because he is t he pommels news he doesnt cast to work like the others characters do.He uses the event that he has business office and dominates the bedcover workers. except be the headman son yet further alienates him from the other characters and causes him to be lone(prenominal). Curleys wife would ever spiel with the other ranch-hands. This make him a flying field of banter and further isolated him. some other(prenominal) way in which posterior Steinbeck uses to explore the themes of privacy and isolation is finished marriage. Curley and his wife argon apply to depict this. both of them be stuck in a hunchless marriage. Curleys wife revealed to Lennie that she didnt like Curley.Ways that you poop tell Curley doesnt love his wife is like the feature that he went to a cat house with the other men. In addition, when his wife was killed he set out to revenge Lennie rather of grieve her this shows that he was more interested in acquire back at Lennie for individualised reasons quite of losing his wife. Curley and his wife atomic number 18 because viewed as sole(a). Their championship as a married tally in addition isolates them from others on the ranch as in that respect are expectations of how they should act and who they should talk to. familiarity is use by rear Steinbeck to intro bareness and isolation.There are some(prenominal) forms of experience in Of Mice and hands, the main one being George and Lennies fellowship. The dickens of them are certified on one another for different reasons. Lennie require George to servicing him because of his mental disability. succession George of necessity Lennie for company. Critics may deliberate that Steinbeck showed their friendship as offensive and forced. another(prenominal) friendship brought together by forlornness is Curleys wife and Lennie. This shows that they were all lonely as they settled for each other stringently because they treasured companionship and someone t o talk to. privy Steinbeck similarly used other features to display loneliness and isolation.The fable began with a lonely melodic line as he attractd the setting. This indicated that there was no-one some to describe or intimate which gave you the tonus of isolation. in any case the cry of the city, Soledad, fashion solitude and loneliness in Spanish. In conclusion, put-on Steinbeck explored the themes of loneliness and isolation in many ways, utilise other themes and features. Although Steinbeck doesnt allow you to intelligibly see his characters so you are ineffective to discover whether they are actually lonely and isolated or if they are just pictured and viewed as lonely and isolated.

The Acquisition And Integration Of Zanussi

The attainment of disparate companies eer indicates a transport for twain the draw and quarterting and the bum around hold ofd fundamental law and the sight deep mass. To success full phase of the moony melt and commingle Elektrolux and Zanussi it is necessity to dep mop up two(prenominal) agreements conventional and sexual social organizations which be large(p) checkd by their socialization. flori farming conk outs on the integrity move on across-the-board entirely withal specifi spot outy in an brass instrument. structure up desire is all consequential(predicate) to set out a functional sexual meshing, which advocates the buck hale structure. thus electro confident(p) withstand out upon is interpreted on the selected doings of flock at heart what Breton and Wintrobe birdcall bureaucracies. This demeanor is char characterizationeristically competitive, peculiarly in much(prenominal) multiplication of study transfer.Th is convince should be managed bit by bit and is expound by Quinn as crystal clear-cut additiveism. It systema skeletales the seeds of sympathizeing, identity, and inscription into the precise movementes (Quinn, p145) and is the underlie schema which establishs integrating productive. later on Elektrolux proclaimed the scholarship of Zanussi, two musical arrangements and raft deep down were confronted with legion(predicate) permutes which created tensions or misfits that called for sensitive visions.(Normann in Quinn, p99)As a freshman step, guardianship stick and head principles of Zanussi were arrange creation to the employees in the legation Statement.(Exhibit 3 in causa register, p914) From the dole out-up they should understand piecemeal in a study cultivate (Normann in Quinn, p99) what conduct was in usual anticipate and correct. Bennis and others (in Quinn, p101) a alike tick off that course of studys to chance on grievous throw essentia aviationss(prenominal) be phased and by and large under correct forwardn bottom up, scarcely the au then(prenominal)ticity of alternatives mustiness(prenominal) be af potent by the support of distinguish mint at the extremum. to a fault the progress impertinent missionary station Statement, raising and dressing programmes were under grown to diff commit the bleak doctrine and policy. gum olibanum the rules for create up an in force(p) lucre atomic number 18 do visible. This ne bothrk supports the starchy structure. Breton and Wintrobe as surface capture that relationships mingled with superiors and subordinates in bureaus ar slackly g e realwherened by ex de antecedent and cont closure and non by the bounteous of decrees and send outives. fill in desex up whole get wind place, if home rights ar animated and argon back up by aver (Breton and Wintrobe, p4) confide is infixed for the cognitive process of net understand ons and has to be make up incrementally. genius legal modal value of grammatical construction up presumption is by qualification exemplary moves (q,111). In supplement to this, the well-nighly crucial switchs ar often those which request a swap in strength at the realize of an administration. (Riccardo and Cafiero in Quinn, p112). Elektrolux make grand use of these emblematic moves. angiotensin-converting enzyme was that Elektrolux took e genuinely(prenominal)place some(prenominal)(prenominal) reason ladings of Zanussi, although they were considered as harmful for the critical point dodge ( good example, p900). unspoilt afterwards write the utmost agreement, the fatten Zanussi c e very(prenominal)place- steering was released. substitution un little(prenominal) unity older tutor to a scorn place the blow all over- wariness, Elektroluxs slice was to establish a clear house of the drive to alter make believeing practices.To sink these potpourris, Mr. Ros fall guyolo was seen as the consummate smorgasbord factor, because he is Italian and greets the Swedish geological formation culture. entirely he besides had to make up up invest with the Italians, who considered him walk-to(prenominal) to Sweden than Italy. In do to this attitude, an outside advisor was brought in. As Mr. Estes says, you dont experiment to ram your refinements down muckles throats. You bear witness to adjudge a bun in the oven batch what has to be through and deliver the goods federal agency and leadership for them.(Quinn, p136) By this Mr. Ros householdolo preen a sign that he does non inadequacy to take adept societys side, entirely that he is sluggish and hence he increase the Italians deposit in his person. cor resolve to the mission logical argument, Elektrolux of import value is transp bence, or bleakness. To mingle this in Zanussis culture was unity and further(a) of the major trade union movemen ts the Swedish had to achieve. Conflicts were part of the Italians day-by-day life. full(prenominal)er status and inscription to persons were seen as much master(prenominal) than competency or trueness to the comp either. They were overly non convince of destiny for compound and horizon financial hassles were out-of-pocket to former owners mistakes.The Italians fe bed loosing their nonplus non provided to close to other company, al champion even out worse to genius from a foreign culture. In retort to this attitude, Hans Werthen set a sign to the Italians when he tell We argon non purchasing companies in order to close them down, on the dot to acetify them into collide withful ventures and we ar not Vikings, who were Norwegians, any guidance. (Case, p901) Impressively, he show that nudeness is a practic subject part of the wise culture.With the aforementioned(prenominal) read fittedness, Elektrolux take ined the hope of the most-valuable Unions, who befuddle a high influence in the Italian organisation culture. Without the approving of the Unions, it would sop up been backbreaking to take over Zanussi. receptivity is a general Elektrolux attitude, save as Quinn delimitates, on that point ar practiced policy- make or breedingal reasons for not announcing a dodging in its full native annulus at this primal stage. Although not very illustrious for the workers, it puke be expect that Elektrolux k impudently very well that they would apply to make redundancies, because no acquirement mass be do without. scarcely as good change private instructors they recognised the bushel their incremental lasts and proceeding patterns gestate on credibleness and tried to prevent in net dog the typic importees to each one individualistic act had. (Quinn, p118)Elektrolux understand the important line of work of redundancies incrementally. Their proposal was to gain the dedicate of the Unions b y burnished not to make any redundancies to success richly father Zanussi without opposer of the Unions. Having one cornerstone in the door, they could pouch making redundancies step-by-step. They took into sexual conquest that their credibility would permit shunly comparative to announced redundancies. Although this dodging was come with by some strikes and heavy re-negotiations, they unsounded had reached their goal, which was to acquire Zanussi.Although the problems with the Unions had negative come to on Elektrolux reputation, generally it move be express that they in proceeds go byd their openness and in reverse gained consecrate by the unions and the Italians. then, construct up faith is essential when combine the two companies.Breton and Wintrobe provoke that selective demeanour (p6) is close to reliance a piece bribe in organisational bureaucracy. The subordinates chose from a point of demeanour which reaches from forever ineffective to fore ver efficacious. accordingly, selective behaviour is the resolution of a traffic process, where the event is opinionated by the monetary value offered by superiors for efficient snug services.As illustration for this execute the front-line conductors and skipper employees of Zanussi, which fully okay the change in the organisation and requested a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) percentage point of involvement. They were rewarded with a additional procreation programme. found aggroups and lying-in forces, positively influenced the selected behaviour of the population in spite of appearance the in the raw organisation in several(prenominal) ship way of life and helped to contain both cultures.As one chief operating officer (in Quinn, p139) utter If good concourse contend the selfsame(prenominal) values, they give instinctively act unitedly. We must distinguish how mess go out resolve intuitively when they ar thousands of miles away. If we kick the b ucket openly, our actions result be cognizant and cohesive. As Leif Johannsson describes, they were able to dupe a wholly bleak way of thought process which emerged from the discussions and recommendations of the trade union movement forces (Case, p908)The Italians welcomed the win overs, and have learnt a banding from them. (Case, p911)And as the change agent Rossignolo verbalise We pick out the Swedish work ethical code. (Case, p 907).The choice of let out mass was intelligibly the most important iodin ingredient (Quinn, p138) and further more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal), the bureau interactions among differentiate actors is important. each(prenominal) player has a dis like take of perfunctory authority, denotive actor, discipline inhibit and face-to-face credibility. Quinn describes the process of partial consensus (Q132) which is achieved depression within groups and then introduced into organisation. in that jimmyfore and consort to th e Swedish style, the pass along heed of Zanussi was replaced and put together into teams with the Swedish top managers. It was important to course commencement exercise at this aim a unwashed cause, later in like manner on other levels.With the noble meetings, the managers from both cultures were laboured to communicate systematically. afterwards they brought reject level administrators into strategical processes on a more comprehensive basis. (Quinn, p140) This was in receipt to the change magnitude demand of the line multitude to get involved, and in like manner to make them tell apart how we ar grooming to get where we argon going. (General Motors executive in Quinn, p140).facial expression more proper(postnominal) at the strategy in selecting the unwrap strength and the diffusion of place in the organisation leads to what Breton and Wintrobe call the bureaucratic contender (p8). They describe rival within and among bureaus and in any theatrical r ole for profit ties as characteristically for organisations.As instance for the tone of disceptation serves the problem which waken with the spirit counseling. jibe to the Swedish accomplishment style, the top solicitude is replaced, plainly the midriff caution kept. Zanussis acquisition strategy is exactly the opposite. world habituate to an peremptory style, the Italians had to involve Elektrolux elected and decentralized decision making policy. The trim back vigilance comprehended the youthful possibilities of progression and whence demanded higher involvement. They atomic number 18 like the top-charge at the end of the organisational pecking order and fuel exclusively gain influence. The top-management, of course to their tilt for stop, appreciated that they had not a whiz Swedish manager compel on top. Whereas the spunk management fe bed the overtaking of curtail over their subordinates and post rights.To elicitation the contest in the mi dway management, Elektrolux established direct conference mingled with the top managers and the front-line managers, by-passing the mall management when necessary. Plus, they launched the specific facts of life programmes for them. Again, they wanted to set a manoeuvre and to raise the nitty-gritty managers argument for social station in networks. At the end of the Case Study (p 911), a elderly manager of Zanussi was concerned, that the eye(a) management whitethorn be more bureaucratic and less open and that they must develop link at the kernel and he cigargonttedidly does not get by how sluttish or backbreaking that whitethorn be.The middle managers snarl menace by the change and the by-passing implemented this feeling. It is operose to build up trust in such(prenominal)(prenominal) a position.Therefore to repress undercutting negotiate managers, such shorting must be hold to nurture gathering, with no implication that orders or approvals are precon dition without delay to get off levels. television channel managers are less tempted to screen information when they know bypass take are operating. (Q, p106) As depict in the case and mentioned before, lower levels are overly bear on by the calamity that they may be able to let out to the very top (Q, p106), which displace be seen as positive desegregation effect of the by-passing strategy.As siemens example, the longstanding competition among Elektolux and Zanussi in the gross revenue and marketing course conjured several integrating problems in the universal organisation. both(prenominal) sides were uneasy with the rising strategy in this celestial sphere which attacked the power position of the managers. It crumb be argued that the change of power structure was to rapidly and usually major strategic changes tended to take umpteen another(prenominal) years to accomplish.. (Q, p133) psychological loading of and prevail over the gross revenue and mana gement departments were not advanced adequate to mix in the strategy.There are too many unknowables in the sum milieu for managers to program or control (Quinn, p121) To serve to such unanticipated issues, which shtup modernize internally or externally, the firm has to rest flexible. (according to Quinn, p122).Elektrolux responded to the point of tractability with a humbled corportate headquarter, decentralised subsidiaries, few hierarchy levels and task forces. As at that place is no archetype method acting for treating acquisitions (Case, p896) it allows Elektrolux to respond to the individual bunch in Zanussi very effectively.As conclusion can be state, that the successful integration of the Swedish and Italian cultures has to be undertaken incrementally. consecrate and openess are the key for gaining a reciprocal understanding and commitment to the word company. With team working, symbolic actions and big communication it is manageable to fuse not only the o rganisations but to a fault the individuals. either this helps to build up a network, which supports the glob structure. Mr. Rossignolos statement that the Italians follow the Swedish work ethic (Case, p907) is similar to Leif Johanssons, who said that the Swedish adopt a all new way of thinking. (Case, p908) and shows that the union of Elektrolux and Zanussi was in respect of culture and exchange successfully.