Ict in the Film Industry Essay Example

Ict in the Film Industry Essay ICT AND FILM INDUSTRY Digital innovation in the previous decade has completely changed the film business. Concentrating on the urgent methodology of film having and the effect that innovation had on every one of the zones, this examination would see late changes in the pre-creation part of film making, moreover we will attempt to know the new instruments, gear and storerooms being utilized by current movie producers and makers. Film conveyance and the unfriendly effects that innovation has had on the film business, significantly on the ill-conceived deal and theft of copyrighted material is investigated. Post-theater film conveyance and the progressive advancement advances in the business are investigated to take a gander at the nonstop changes in training and exercise of experts in the film business. PC produced illustrations and the developing effect ICT has made in the business is secured and the fate of the film business is anticipated. ICT played a ton of positive job in various part of the present reality. It has contacted the clinical ventures, instructive segment, legislative division and even the film or film businesses. This paper talk on how ICT have decidedly affected the film/film industry today. On the off chance that we as a whole recollect our young age, we likely think about the 1700s, 1800s, or 1900s when the film we watch are generally tapes or simple, and presumably not solid, with the assistance of ICT today we can see changes in the video innovation in the current world. As upset proceeds in the film businesses the effects of ICT have made the accompanying changes; Technological instruments have changed the content composing methodology by utilizing the web, utilizing advanced altering devices. We will compose a custom article test on Ict in the Film Industry explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Ict in the Film Industry explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Ict in the Film Industry explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The web is additionally been utilized by scriptwriters to advance their contents to makers, executives and potential cast relates in other to be inspected by every character either by peer survey in a method of online discussions. There has been a urgent increment in the previous decade in the utilization of computerized camcorders for film with low spending arranging alongside top notch video which is set to contend and go past the standard 35mm film both in quality and adaptability (culkin Randle 2003). The after creation period of film making has perhaps been the most significant affected by the new mechanical tendency. The presentation of non-direct innovation has utilized movie altered physically wasteful and tedious. This system includes fixing and assembling movie in a virtual screen where the executives, makers, and editors see the yield of the film on screen. (culkin randle 2003. p. 8) The entire course of film making has been totally innovation driven, everything from the conveyance to the projection of film to crowds (buyers). Be that as it may, the nonappearance of business understandings among wholesalers and exhibitors of the movies has hindered the change to computerized advances. For example, just 170 films the world over have changed over to what is perceived as very good quality advanced (culkin Randle 2003). Overall revenues for the studios are conspicuously diminishing, presently being out casted or dwarfed by the game business. So satellite conveyance have as of late made its first usage in video form industry and reports has indicated that upon full execution of film circulation, it can spare the film business of cost of $700 million every year. (markman). A significant issue the film business has been looking for as long as years since the presentation of innovation in the business is the theft and copyright issue. Therefore copyrighted motion pictures have been effectively reasonable more than the first film created for dissemination. For film and music content, these lead to many claims against shared systems and people as result for taking and appropriation of these motion pictures and music materials. This will consistently be one of the significant enterprises gives the business would need to look since people in general (buyers) approaches this minimal effort copyrighted material (peer-2-companion and DVD journalists). By the by, the film business has attempted to diminish the danger of theft of motion pictures by wrinkling the (CSS) known as substance scrambling framework in which just legitimate DVD or VCD items which contain a specific unscrambling calculation can play the specific film. A similar innovation additionally has the ability to rework the video and sound on the DVD/CD so just a DVD with a similar unscrambling calculation can play the film impeccably. The CSS innovation is likewise intended to keep clients from direct replicating of information from DVDs. However, not long after the CSS innovation was presented, Norwegian young people figured out a DVD innovation by breaking the code that contain the decoding calculation and transferred unscrambling programming for clients around the globe to utilize. These implies that the film business would need to continue refreshing and furthermore find and alternative to this challenges (markman). The post-theater showcase accounts generally for seventy five percent of movie’s pay during its lifetime. The head of these are ideo rental shops which represents about portion of all benefits (). The DVD has totally carried another measurement to the business, turning into the quickest developing client hardware thing ever (culkin Randle 2003). DVD’s have verifiably expanded film studio’s salary when it chose to give film substance to the home shoppers with extraordinary picture and sound quality which doesn't destroyed like the old VHS tapes (markman). Another and quickly creatin g territory in the appropriation procedures of film ventures is â€Å"Movie on demand†. This is where purchasers download their longing film over the web as opposed to going down to their nearby video store or film house. The benefit of this innovation is that basically decrease or no-charges are expected to get to the film and the burden if any when heading out to the video rental store or film house (culkin Randle 2003). Quick changes in the film business as of late have constrained numerous experts around the globe in sound and realistic ventures to get new and particular aptitudes. This is a continuous advancement in many ventures. A model is that the after creation enterprises are relied upon to have persistent overhauls of hardware and programming which will prompt consistent re-preparing of workers/groups which in turns increment creation costs (culkin Randle 2003). Future disseminations may include permitting editors in various nations to editors in different nations to alter film by simply accessing digitized media on a server without really leaving the solace of their home. Satellite disseminations to films are at the vanguard of future film flows and conveyances. George Lucas, the executive of star wars is anticipating utilizing satellite innovation to extend the remainder of the scene in films. This procedure of carefully dissemination of the film through information projectors is known as E-Cinema ( Randle 2003). It isn't costly and certainly adaptable as far as dispersion power; by and by Cinemas who wish to execute this new innovation would need to procure considerable costs when changing over to advanced projection. This innovation is a lot of still in the advancement level and the effect isn't generally observed at this point ( Randle 2003). Gregory Huang article named â€Å"the new face of the film industry† contemplates the advancement in PC energized designs in past years. Late blockbuster motion pictures like Spiderman 3 are genuine instances of how far PC designs have come as of late. The film business have gone to a phase in which each and every occasion in film causing procedure to can be PC created . In past years, the innovation delineations of countenances have not looked genuine when considered a to be nearer as it is simpler to make non-human items like dinosaurs genuine, in addition, enhancements in rendering human body or skin, lighting or obscuring computerized scenes and inspecting human characters or entertainers are presently permitting activity specialists to oversee and assume responsibility for each sing development of pixels in a vivified position (skin). Huang (2004) reports that a normal spending plan for a blockbuster film cost around $150 million where it is extraordinary to see over half of financing assigned to simply the PC produced impact which in turns raise income to about normal of $700 million every year. At any rate we can say that there is no zone inside the film business that has not been affected by innovation over the previous years. The significant effects for pre-creation stage have been centered around the improvement of content composing apparatuses just as the expansion utilization of web to circulate content to editors, chiefs and other significant gatherings inside the business. For the most part hardware costs have definitely expanded radically decreased simultaneously quality and adaptability of items has expanded. The restriction of non-direct innovation has everything except made hand altered or physically altered motion pictures a terminated and quick track the entire movie altering process (culkin Randle 2003). The significant drawback which has expanded worries around film enterprises the world over is that it has gotten very simple for customers around the globe to duplicate copyrighted film material and this continue creating issues in the ventures till date. At long last we can say that the progression in innovation would just keep on getting improvement the film enterprises around the worl

Educational Research Essay

The exploration study investigates the impact of innovative improvements to understudy inspiration and positive learning results. Instructive foundations have begun to consolidate the utilization of innovation as an instructional device to encourage educating and learning. One of the latest increases to instructional apparatuses utilized for study hall guidance is the work of portable innovation. These innovations incorporate the utilization of SMS or Short Message Service, email, online gatherings and conversation sheets. The reason for the examination is to test further on the impacts of these advances to persuasive learning, pressure inside the learning condition, and the results of execution. The consequence of the examination demonstrated that the utilization of web and portable correspondences decreases the weight that understudies feel inside the learning condition. Along these lines, rousing the understudies to learn and feel good during study hall guidance. In addition, versatile interchanges opens up different choices for understudies to speak with their educators with no falterings by any stretch of the imagination. In spite of the fact that the examination recognized the advantages of utilizing versatile correspondence joined with web apparatuses, it despite everything proposes that further investigations be led on the point. Basic Evaluation The exploration study is once more one of the numerous verifications on how innovation is turning into a necessary piece of training and is compelling in creating positive learning results. With the expansion of portable correspondence still it stays to be an inspirational factor for understudies to learn and mirror that they really have been learning by thinking of high evaluations during assessment and appraisal. This implies with the work of portable correspondences, understudies can create attractive learning results. Maybe something that make innovation a persuasive device is a result of its across the board use in pretty much every part of life. Individuals, particularly the more youthful age, see innovation as a pattern. Consolidating the advancements that understudies are natural of makes it an amazing instructional device to stir the enthusiasm of the students. Learning isn't constrained to the limits of the instructive organization since versatile correspondence permits figuring out how to stretch out past the four dividers of the study hall. Besides, correspondence is best encouraged, particularly with understudies who are bad oral communicators, through online correspondence. These perceptions permit instructive establishments to think about the work of versatile innovation to their educational plan and their instructional apparatuses, maybe, additionally thinking about the development of globalization.

An Interview With Dr. Debbie Joffe Ellis

An Interview With Dr. Debbie Joffe Ellis February 07, 2018 Dr. Debbie Joffe Ellis and her husband Dr. Albert Ellis. Image: By permission of Dr. Debbie Joffe Ellis, http://www.debbiejoffeellis.com More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Albert Ellis was often described as one of the most important thinkers of the past century. He was one of the founders of cognitive behavioral therapy and he developed a groundbreaking approach to psychotherapy known as Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, or REBT. His wife, Dr. Debbie Joffe Ellis, continues the work that Dr. Ellis left after his passing in 2007. We had the opportunity to ask her some questions about Dr. Ellis, REBT, and her continued work in this area. In part one of our interview, she talks about her husband and paints a vivid portrait of a man who was passionate about helping others and living life to the fullest. How did you and Albert first meet? We first met in person when he visited my home city of Melbourne, Australia. I was studying psychology at Melbourne University at the time  and heard that he would be visiting the University to present lectures and workshops. I attended each one of his presentations. I had heard of him years prior, however. My Aunt was a psychologist. I would frequently visit her home throughout my childhood and teen years, and would greatly enjoy looking at some of her books. I loved reading, and my interest in psychology was strong. She greatly liked the work of Albert Ellis  and had a number of his books. I distinctly remember looking through one of his books in her library, I can visualize the cover clearly now, titled “Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy”. I was only about 12 years of age at the time and did not read the book cover to cover! - but some of the words I did read in that book deeply impressed me. When years later I attended University and studied psychology it was his Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) approach, (called RET at that time â€" the “B” was added in 1993), which most appealed to me. I loved its holistic and humanistic nature, its thoroughness and vigor, the compassion it emphasized through encouraging the practice of unconditional acceptance in our lives, its practicality, methods, and techniques. It was compatible with my values and preferences, and I knew early on that it would be a primary focus in my work. Little did I know at the age of 12, or when I was studying the approach some years later, that I would adore and marry the founder and creator of REBT! Al and I met again about 15 years later at the American Psychological Association’s annual convention which was being held in San Francisco. Our remarkably close friendship began at that time, we would be in regular contact through mail, and phone calls, and I would visit him in New York each year. Our love relationship began a few years after that. What was your first impression of Dr. Ellis? That he was warm, authentic, trustworthy, no-nonsense, brilliant, magnificently witty, kind, and genuinely caring. He had a reputation in the perception of some people for being loud, for using colorful language at times, for appearing abrasive, curmudgeonly, and provocative. I felt that some of those modes of expression were simply chosen by him to help get his points across in a definite and memorable way, and were not representative of his tendencies and character. As I got to know him, my first impression proved to be most accurate, and I increasingly experienced his qualities of gentleness, loving, caring and sensitivity. Dr. Ellis maintained a rigorous and demanding schedule late into his life and in the face of some serious health problems. What do you think gave him such a strong passion and drive to help others? His work was his mission, his passion, and it brought great meaning to his life. He cherished life, and he wanted to live a life of intensity and absorption in activities that would enhance his experience and that of others. He genuinely cared about others, and was more mindful than most about how quickly life passes by, and how important it is to live life to the full with maximum enjoyment and minimal suffering. Through finding ways to successfully cope with his own suffering experienced from childhood onwards, and translating it into a theory and methods for lessening emotional disturbance, his approach literally helped millions of people live better lives. He would remind us that life inevitably contains suffering, but by thinking in healthy ways and by changing adversities which could be changed and accepting those which could not be changed â€" we would not create unnecessary suffering, and could maximize joy throughout our lives. There was an urgency about him at times, to continue to reach as many more people as he could through continuing to present lectures and workshops, and by writing more books which taught the REBT approach. Al immensely disliked any wasting of time. He believed that with increasing numbers of individuals using their time and energy to create enjoyable lives â€" despite and including any challenges - and through their helping others to do so, that over the years societies would become healthier. He wanted REBT principles to be taught in schools so that young people would learn of and apply its principles. He was a visionary and idealist, and a realist. He felt great satisfaction and gladness when he helped others and saw them learning to help themselves. Up till his final weeks of life he continued to help people who would visit him in the hospital, including groups of students who would visit, and Al also showed compassion and gave help to various medical staff in the hospital (where he was a patient fighting hard to recover from his medical conditions) when he heard of any difficult circumstances they were going through. He not only helped people through his words to them, but also by modeling his principles. I often say â€" he practiced what he preached and preached what he practiced. Do you have a favorite memory of your husband that you could share? It is difficult for me to select only one to share with you here! There are many favorite memories. A few of them are: His warmth and affection. Another is of his magnificent smile. The image of Al absorbed in listening to fine classical music. Another is of his gracious surrender to my enthusiasm about good nutrition and my encouragement to him to change his diet and eat healthier food (prior to my doing so - his food at lunchtime was mostly often meat zapped in the microwave along with frozen vegetables!). I loved his willingness to be flexible, to think about my recommendations no matter how different they were from his long-time eating habits, and to try doing what I suggested. Another favorite memory is that of him singing songs to me. Another is of him working on the writing of a book or article, immersed in concentration as he thought â€" his eyes would look upwards, at times dreamily and at other times with a particularly focused expression, and then the speedy vigorous way he would transcribe those thoughts into written words. About Dr. Debbie Joffe Ellis Dr. Debbie Joffe Ellis was born and raised in Melbourne, Australia. For many years she worked with her husband, the renowned psychologist Dr. Albert Ellis, giving presentations and providing training on Elliss therapeutic approach known as Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). Today, she continues to practice, present, and write about Elliss groundbreaking approach to therapy. In 2010, she helped complete her husbands autobiography entitled All Out: An Autobiography! Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, the book she co-authored with her husband, was published in 2011. She is currently working on completing a book that she had worked on with her husband prior to his death in 2007 focused on REBT and Buddhism. She also continues to work in private practice in New York City as well as give seminars, workshops, and lectures all over the world. You can find more information on her website http://www.debbiejoffeellis.com and at http://www.ellisrebt.co.uk/ For More Information Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: The acclaimed book: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy by Albert Ellis and Debbie Joffe Ellis, Published by APA (American Psychological Association)All Out! - An Autobiography, by Albert Ellis, with final chapter by Debbie Joffe Ellis. Available at bookstores and online at www.prometheusbooks.com and other online retailersDVD: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Release of DVD on March 17th, 2014): Part of the Systems of Psychotherapy Video Series by the American Psychological Association. In this DVD, Debbie Joffe Ellis demonstrates the influential and impactful REBT approach in a session with a client, followed by discussion with professors and students about the REBT therapeutic approach and the session. This video is intended solely for educational purposes for mental health professionals. For information about the DVD and about purchasing go to the APA website: www.apa.org/pubs/videosAlbert Ellis BiographyWhat Is Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy ?What Is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) - 2585 Words

Kaylen Balthazar-Chang August 14, 2014 ANTH 362 Final Paper Post Traumatic Stress Disorder War, tragedy, and trauma; life altering situations such as these may cause someone to feel unsafe for the rest of their life. A symptom that may come about from these types of situations is something known as PTSD. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a symptom that may occur after an individual is subjected to a traumatic event in which they were exposed to physical harm or the threat of harm. PTSD may stem from many causes and usually involves situations where an individual does not have full control over what is occurring. Every situation is different and the intensity of the disorder may range from a very mild case to a life-threatening situation. Individuals with PTSD typically possess this condition throughout their lifetime with no known cure that has yet been established. PTSD may be the sole result or contribute to an individual’s outcome depending on the scenario. Soldiers who go away to war were constantly surrounded by gunshots, yelling, bombs, and loud noises , which may cause them to be paranoid once they return home. Adverse effects are still haunting survivors of the holocaust who were only innocent kids at the time. The most horrifying recent events that have affected our nation include the Boston Marathon bombing and the terrorist attack on the twin towers on September 11, 2001. The repercussions of these events are still evident in today’s society. AlthoughShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1198 Words   |  5 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. â€Å"PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015).† PTSD is recognized as a psychobiological mentalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1423 Words   |  6 Pages Mental diseases and disorders have been around since humans have been inhabiting earth. The field of science tasked with diagnosing and treating these disorders is something that is always evolving. One of the most prevalent disorders in our society but has only recently been acknowledged is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Proper and professional diagnosis and definitions of PTSD was first introduced by the American Psychiatric Association(APA) in the third edition of the Diagnostic andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Identity, Groups, and PTSD In 1980, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD,) was officially categorized as a mental disorder even though after three decades it is still seen as controversial. The controversy is mainly founded around the relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and politics. The author believes that a group level analysis will assist in understanding the contradictory positions in the debate of whether or not PTSD is a true disorder. The literature regarding this topicRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH)Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words   |  4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1780 Words   |  8 Pagesmental illnesses. One such illness is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental illness that affects a person’s sympathetic nervous system response. A more common name for this response is the fight or flight response. In a person not affected by post-traumatic stress disorder this response activates only in times of great stress or life threatening situations. â€Å"If the fight or flight is successful, the traumatic stress will usually be released or dissipatedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesYim – Human Stress 2 December 2014 PTSD in War Veterans Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that is fairly common with individuals that have experienced trauma, especially war veterans. One in five war veterans that have done service in the Iraq or Afghanistan war are diagnosed with PTSD. My group decided to focus on PTSD in war veterans because it is still a controversial part of stressful circumstances that needs further discussion. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD amongst war

Cigarette Smoking Essay - 1590 Words

Cigarette Smoking The effects of cigarette smoking can be horrifying. Smoking is dangerous not only to those who smoke, but to non-smokers and unborn children as well. Cigarette smoking is also physically and socially harming. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The large particles in cigarette smoke, commonly known as â€Å"tar†, collect in the branching points of the lungs. The tar contains carcinogenic compounds that increase the risk of lung cancer. The small particles in cigarette smoke, including carcinogens, irritants, and corrosive chemicals, collect in the small air sacs in the lungs and damage them. These air sacs are where the blood absorbs oxygen from the air. When the small particles from the cigarette smoke are absorbed into the blood†¦show more content†¦The presence of these components in the sputum may cause mutations in the smokers genes, which may lead to the formation to cancerous tumors. The risk of developing lung cancer is directly related to the number of cigarettes smoked (Schaadt, 1992). Many of the cancers besides lung cancer may develop as a result of cigarette smoking. One example is cancer of the larynx. Sometimes the larynx has to be removed because of the presence of a tumor, forcing the smoker to breathe through a surgical opening in the wind pipe. Because the larynx is located near the voice box, the voice box will often get destroyed from the tumor on the larynx, forcing the smoker to use an artificial voice box in order to speak. Less major cancers including cancers of the cheeks, gums, lips, tongue, esophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas may also arise. Another cardiovascular malfunction that cigarette smoking may cause are strokes. A stroke is damage to the brain caused by leakage from a ruptured blood vessel or an interruption in blood supply. Nicotine and carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke affect the adhesives of blood platelets, the main clotting factor in blood. This can cause blood vessels to harden and form blood clots that can flow to the brain, a major cause of strokes. Nicotine can also cause the blood vessels to constrict. When a smokers arteries become too constricted,Show MoreRelatedThe Smoking Of Cigarette Smoking855 Words   |  4 Pageschild as well. What a mother ingests is what her growing fetus ingests through her umbilical cord; the life line from the mother to the precious innocent life she holds so dear. The goal of this paper is to give some insight on the use of cigarette smoking in pregnancy. Let’s begin with a short history of what was previously called Nicotiana. Today it is known to humans as Tobacco. Tobacco has been in existence prior to Pre-Columbian America (900 – 1500) when it was first discovered as an herbRead MoreSmoking Cigarettes791 Words   |  4 PagesWhy Smoking Cigarettes Should be Illegal Smoking cigarettes should be illegal due to the vast amount of annual deaths it causes. Smoking produces 10 times the amount of pollution that a diesel car exhaust would. This shows that not only are humans and animals affected by smoking, our environment is greatly damaged by the amount of pollution smoking creates. Smoking is something that people usually get addicted to, like a drug.This drug can cause many diseases such as lung cancer. Not only can itRead MoreThe Dangers Of Cigarette Smoking Essay1669 Words   |  7 Pages People smoke cigarettes for various reasons. Some smoke only when they are drinking alcohol and others smoke regularly. The level of smoking among the regular smokers varies from individual to individual. There are those who smoke a cigarette or two during the day and their others who smoke at least a pack a day. How people start to smoke varies. The main entry point however is peer pressure. Many smokers came to be introduced to the habit at a young age in either high school or in college or toRead MoreElectronic Cigarettes And Cigarette Smoking774 Words   |  4 PagesTobacco cigarette smoking includes various physical associations such as hand and mouth motions, suckling, and taking cigarette breaks (Oh Kacker, 2014). According to Patrounova, 2015, in comparison to other forms of nicotine replacement therapies, Electronic cigarettes satisfy smokers’ needs to fulfill certain smoking rituals. Electronic cigarettes may be able to quench certain urges and cravings due to its design, which can also assist in fulfilling the habitual dependence of smokers (PatrounovaRead MoreThe Dangers Of Smoking Cigarette Smoking Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesbecome popular around the globe, such as cigarette, cigar, e-cigarette, and chewing tobacco. The origin of the tobacco plant was in North and South America where the American Indian utilized tobacco for religious and medical purposes. Later on, many forms of tobacco have been created and harmful substances have been integrated in. After world war 1, the use of cigarette became significantly notorious. Several decades later in 1964, the hazards of smoking cigarette became known to the public (Boston universityRead MoreThe Death Of Cigarette Smoking Essay2110 Words   |  9 Pagespreventable cause of death and disease in the United States of America is Cigarette smoking. In America yearly, more than 480,000 deaths occur due to cigarette smoking; within those numbers more than 41,000 deaths are due to inhalation of second hand smoke. As we progress and advertisement for the serious complications of cigarette smoking continues to increase our world begins to show a decline in the amount of cigarette smokers. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention states that there hasRead MoreSmoking Vs Cigarette Smoking1802 Words   |  8 PagesSmoker vs. Non-Smoker: Evaluating The Effects of Cigarette Smoking Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the U.S. The use of tobacco products such as cigars, pipes, hookahs, bidis, and kreteks have proven to develop various health effects. It has been linked to the following medical conditions: †¢ Aortic aneurysms †¢ bronchitis †¢ cancer of the lip or mouth †¢ cancer of the stomach †¢ cancer of the urinary bladder †¢ cervical cancer †¢ emphysema †¢ esophagus (food pipe) †¢ heartRead MoreThe Dangers of Cigarette Smoking1040 Words   |  5 PagesCigarette smoking is a dangerous habit that most users regret starting on. Nowadays, smoking can cause health problems for any human. Whether or not cigarette smoking should be banned completely, has become an object of controversy in many countries. Some people think that smoking cigarettes are a helpful way to reduce stress for the moment. In my point of view, tobacco smoking has seriously negative effects such as smoking-related cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, cancer and it costsRead MoreThe Dangers Of Smoking Cigarettes786 Words   |  4 PagesDangers of Smoking Cigarettes are everywhere. They’re sold in almost every gas station, pharmaceutical store, and even ordinary grocery stores in the United States. Cigarettes have endorsements from celebrities, big tobacco companies, advertised on billboards, and through commercials. Smoking is a problem because it causes diseases which cost billions of dollars a year in healthcare. It is also the leading cause of diseases and deaths in the US. Smoking cigarettes is an unhealthy habit that unfortunelyRead MoreEssay Smoking Cigarettes538 Words   |  3 PagesSmoking Cigarettes In todays society, three out of five Americans are addicted to smoking cigarettes. In other words, every individual in America is either a smoker or has a friend or relative who smokes. The tobacco industry is one of Americas largest growing industries. There are many smokers and non-smokers in the world and just the same there are many differences and similarities between the two. From being treated different publicly to being looked at

Success of vertebrates Free Essays

string(25) " of fishes and reptiles\." Introduction Vertebrate mean backbone and every species in the vertebrate classes has a backbone. Phylum chordatata contains the most familiar species, which includes humans. All chordates have several things in common that occurs in some stage of their development. We will write a custom essay sample on Success of vertebrates or any similar topic only for you Order Now They have pharynged slits, which are openings that connect the inside of the throat to the outside of the neck. These are often used as gills, and are only present in humans when they are at the early stage of development (foetus). A tail is also present, which extends past the anal opening. The main feature is the notochord, which is a rod that supports the nerve cord and this is present in all species. The nerve cord is a bundle of nerve fibres which connects the brain to every muscle and organ in the body. These nerve fibres are used to send messages to organs and muscles from the brain. In most species these features disappear with age. There are about 44.000 species in three subphylum’s groups (Matthew Morris15/05/2003). Vertebrata is the largest subphylum with the more well known animals such as: mammals, reptiles, fish, aves, amphibians. Every animal with a back bone is present in vertebrate subphylum. All vertebrates have a skeleton of either bone or cartilage and there brain is protected by a bony cranium which consists of three parts. They have well developed hearts with three or four chambers and have a closed circulatory system. There are 41700 species in eight different groups and they are as follows: Amphibia (frogs, salanders), Aves (birds), Cephalaspidomorph (lamprey), chondrichthyes (hag fish), osteichthyes (bony fish) and reptilian (crocodiles, snakes, turtles). Agnatha which are also known as jawless fish is a lower class vertebrate and the best representative for this vertebrate is the marine lamprey (petromyzon). This fish is eel like in its appearance, but much more primitive in its structure than true eels, which are more developed bony fish. The lamprey body is very soft and scale less and its skeleton consist of just cartilage (it lacks bone completely). There are no traces of paired fins and most of all it is completely jawless. The lampreys rounded mouth cup forms an adhesive disc, which it uses to attach to other fish that it preys on as a blood sucker. It has a rough tongue like structure in the mouth that is good substitute for having no jaw bone. There is just one nostril opening which is situated on top of its head, and having a hypophsial pouch combined with it. The gills passages in typical fish are slits, but in the lamprey they are rounded pouches, which are connected by narrow tubes with the pharynx and body surface. Cartilaginous Fishes (Chondrichthyes) date back to the Devonian period and fossels that were found resembled sharks. The animals of today are made up of about eight hundred species which include; sharks, skates and rays. The cartilaginous fishes got their name from the fact that their skeleton is made of cartilage, not bone. With their gills exposed to sea water, all marine fishes are faced with the problem of conserving body water because Sea water is about 3.5% salt, which is over 3 times that of vertebrate’s blood. The cartilaginous fishes solve that problem by maintaining a high concentration (2.5%) of urea in their blood (which is far higher than the 0.02% of other vertebrates) that is in osmotic balance with sea water. This ability develops late in embryo, so the eggs of these species cannot simply be released in the sea, but there are two solutions to this and they are: Enclose the egg in an impervious case filled with isotonic fluid before depositing it in the sea and, Retain the eggs and embryos within the mother’s body until they are capable of coping with the marine environment. Both these solutions require internal fertilization and the cartilaginous fishes were the first vertebrates to develop this. The pelvic fins of the male are modified for depositing sperm in the reproductive tract of the female. Bony Fishes (Osteichthyes) as the name indicates their skeletons are made of bone and they are divided into two groups which are: ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) and lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii). Ray-finned fishes have thin fins that are supported by the spine and there are around thirty thousand species. the only Lobe-finned fishes that are still around today are one possibly two species called coelacanth, which were thought to be extinct and several species of lungfish that are found in Africa, South America, and Australia.In additions to gills, these fishes had a pair of pouched outgrowths from the pharynx which served as lungs. They were inflated with air taken in through the mouth and may have provided a backup gas exchange organ when the water became too warm and stagnant to carry enough dissolved oxygen. Their kidneys were adapted for the hypotonic environment in which they lived. These animals diversified through the remainder of the Devonian period (which is often called the â€Å"Age of Fishes†). Some migrated to the oceans. In this more stable environment, their lungs became transformed into a swim bladder with which they could alter buoyancy. Their kidneys became transformed as well adapting them to their new hypertonic surroundings. The nostrils of bony fishes open only to the outside and are used for smelling. Some of the lobe-finned fishes developed internal openings to their nostrils. This made it possible to breath air with the mouth closed as modern lungfishes do. These rare modern lobe-finned fishes are the sole survivors of once-flourishing groups that also gave rise to the tetrapods — the four-legged vertebrates. In the Devonian (perhaps as early as 395 million years ago), the paired fins of some sarcopterygians moved under the body and developed limbs (complete with digits). This enabled them to venture out on land. So once again, evolution was opportunistic giving rise to the first land vertebrates, the amphibians. Amphibians in its class included all cold blooded species that are in between the evolutionary development of fishes and reptiles. You read "Success of vertebrates" in category "Essay examples" They Include 4 living species which are the frogs, toads, salamanders and newts. Amphibians were the first vertebrates to move from a water habitat to a earthly one, and they are also the ancestors of all reptiles, birds, and mammals. Although there are a few species that live their lives in water, most spend a lot of time on land. Most Amphibians are species of the class Amphibia and are vertebrates easily recognised by their ability to live on land and water. amphibians have an aquatic larval, or tadpole stage that metamorphises into an adult. Amphibians are believed to have evolved from either the lobe-fin fishes (Crossopterygii) or the lungfishes (Dipnoi). These fishes had an advantage over other fishes by the fact that they had lungs. They could breathe on land which ment that when there was a shortage of water they could use there fins to pull themselves onto to land to search for another water source and in time they became less dependant on water. Reptiles came into being about 315 million years ago, when amphibians developed two unique features, which were; skin and an egg covering that helped stop water loss and this is how they evolved into reptiles. These two adaptations allowed reptiles to become a dominant life form on land, as where amphibians are dependant on water to survive. The main success for reptiles was being able to produce offspring on land. Most reptiles lay eggs that are hard and brittle, or covered with paper like shell. Some reptiles like snakes and lizards are ovoviviparous, which means they give birth to living offspring that hhatch from an egg from inside the female and then she gives birth. Birds have been termed glorified reptiles but are treated as a different class (aves). They are a far removed species from the general reptilian group because from that group there was a flying species called the pterosaurs. The aves are not descended from pterosaurs, they are descendants from another flying species called archosaur which had feathers instead of membrane. In birds we see a group of vertebrates that in a lot of ways is not considered a high level class of species like mammals. Birds can be trained but seem relatively much less capable of learning by experience than mammals. On the other hand they show innate behaviour patterns of a complexity unknown to mammals. A lot of these patterns are related to social behaviour for example, courtship, nest building and rearing there young. Mammals are vertebrates that have hair, a four-chambered heart and mammary glands (sweat glands), which is where the name mammal came from because they are the only animals that have sweat glands. Mammals first came about 200 million years ago during the Jurassic Period and there are about five thousand four hundred living species of mammals today that differ greatly in size, form and adaptations. Mammals inhabit every country and have occupied a wide variety of places, which include grasslands, wetlands, scrublands, seas and oceans, below ground, forests, mountaintops, Polar Regions and deserts. Mammals range in size from the minute bumblebee bat which measures a mere three centimeters in length, to the massive blue whale, which can measure up to 33 meters from head to tail, which makes it the largest animal alive today. Although mammal’s species vary in form, they do share some rare characteristics and they are; that their lower jaw bone which carries the teeth attaches directly to the skull. In other vertebrates, the jaw bone is one of multiple bones that does not attach directly to the skull. Mammals also have a unique arrangement of three bones, which are; the incus, malleus and stapes, that located in the middle of the ear. These bones turn sound vibrations into neural impulses. Two of these bones, the incus and malleus, originated as bones within the jaw. Another feature which is unique to mammals is that they have two lumps on the base of the skull (known as a double occipital condyle) which are used to hold the skull in the top neck vertebra, but in other vertebrates, the base of the skull has only a single lump. Hair is also unique trait to mammals because no other animals in the other class of vertebrates have true hair and all mammals have hair covering at least some part of their body at some time during their life. Hair grows from skin cells called follicles and it is made of a protein called keratin. Hair serves many functions which differ in different animals and they are to insulate, to conceal, to signal, to protect, and to sense the immediate surroundings. Insulation is to keep heat in the body, but it also helps to protect the body from too much heat as in the case of diurnal desert animals such as the camel. The coloring of hair on animals helps them to conceal themselves from predators or prey because some animal’s fur matches their habitat. Hair also provides by its color a means of signaling other members of oneâ⠂¬â„¢s own species (e.g., the white tail of the white-tailed deer, flashed by a fleeing animal to signal danger) or members of other species like the skunk which has a big white stripe down its back which is warning to predators. The hair also serves to protect the skin from abrasion and from excessive UV radiation. The success of vertebrates lies in the evolution and adaptation which helped vertebrates to survive on land, in water and in different climates all around the world. References DeBlase, A. F. and R. E. Martin. 1981. A manual of mammalogy. Second Edition. Wm. C. Brown, Publishers. Dubuque, Iowa. xii+436 pp. Pough, F. H. J. B. Heiser, and W. N. McFarland. 1989. Vertebrate Life. Third Edition. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York. xiv+904 pp. Romer, Alfred Sherwood, Thomas. S. Parsons, The Vertebrate body Fifth Edition, Philadelphia;London: Saunders 1977 Savage, R. J. G., and M. R. Long. 1986. Mammal Evolution, an Illustrated Guide. Facts on File Publications, New York. 259 pp. Vaughan, T. A. 1986. Mammalogy. Third Edition. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, Orlando Fl. vii+576 pp. Young, J, Z, (John Zachary), the life of vertebrates third Edition, Oxford; clarendon Press 1981  © 1999 Team 27885 by Karthik Raveendran and Srikanth, http://library.thinkquest.org/27885/amphi_ev.htm 24 Apr 2011  ©2011 About.com http://biology.about.com/od/mammals/a/aa070105a.htm 30th Apr 2011 http://www.nae.usace.army.mil/recreat/bml/reptiles.html 18 mar 2011 Matthew Morris, 15th may 2003 http://www.anglefire.com/moz/animals/phylum/chordata.html 18th mar 2011 How to cite Success of vertebrates, Essay examples

More Than Seven Hundred Years Ago, When The Students Of La Sorbonne At

More than seven hundred years ago, when the students of la Sorbonne attended a debating session, those young men from different European countries were speaking in Latin, a then dominant language of the educated. Now at the dawn of a new millenium, we are here exchanging our respective views on the impact of English a language which is now playing an even larger and much more important role than Latin did in the Middle Ages. With its dominance in almost all the domains of this modern society, English is spoken and learned by people all around the globe, albeit their different nationalities, races, religions and ages. Here Id like to tell you something interesting concerning my father. My father is 60 years old and will soon retire. When he was in university some forty years ago, he took Russia as his foreign language. So his English knowledge is virtually limited to merely 26 letters. However, one evening last year, I found that when I sat before the television watching CCTV Internationals English program World Wide Watch, father joined me. Puzzled, I asked him, Daddy, you dont know English, do you No, I dont. But Im thinking about learning it. Whats the use of learning English at your age I bantered. Well, I hate to be embarrassed when a foreigner should come up to me on the street and ask me about the way to Sheraton Suzhou, he said, with a half joking of it. Well, I dont know whether father has ever been embarrassed in such a situation, but I can understand his worries. In fact, in this ever more intimately connected international community, no one can afford to ignore the importance of English, this world standard language, not except my father. I also dont know whether father can ever learn a bit English after his retirement; to tell the truth, Im not so optimistic about it. However, I do know why father should take fancy to this lingua franca. Thats because he firmly believes that, China, being confronted with a general process of globalization, which is bringing world cultures in ever-closer union, can introduce itself to the outside world by means of this world standard language. According to fathers interpretation, English is not merely a foreign language utilized by his young daughter to gain a competitive edge in this challenging world. Rather it is a medium, which renders people an opportunity never experienced by our forefathers to communicate more effectively, to understand each other much deeper, and hence to live more harmoniously together. That is exactly what father expects me, a young woman determined to live a life blessed with the far-reaching benefits of multiple cultures in the 21st century, to cherish forever!